It is designed for home networks that require high-speed throughput for multimedia applications, such as sharing digital pictures. This technique speeds the satellite acquisition time, and the time-to-fix of the GPS receiver An algorithm used in Europe for the digitization of voice signals by pulse code modulation PCM coding of pulse amplitude modulation PAM samples ATM Adaptation Layer: The layer responsible for converting non-ATM bitstreams into ATM cells. There are four standard protocols defined for the AAL, with each consisting of two sublayers: segmentation and reassembly SAR sublayer and the convergence sublayer ATM Adaptation Layer 1: One of four AALs recommended by the ITU-T. AAL1 is used for connection-oriented, delay-sensitive services requiring constant bit rates, such as uncompressed video and other options traffic ATM Adaptation Layer 2: One of four AALs recommended by the ITU-T. AAL2 is used for connection-oriented services that support a variable bit rate, such as some isochronous video and voice traffic ATM Adaptation Layer One of four AALs merged from two initially distinct adaptation layers recommended by the ITU-T. AAL5 supports connection-oriented variable bit rate VBR services and is used predominantly for the transfer of classical IP over ATM and LAN emulation LANE traffic. AAL5 used simple and efficient AAL SEAL and is the least complex of the current AAL recommendations. It offers low bandwidth overhead and simpler processing requirements in exchange for reduced bandwidth capacity and error-recovery capability AppleTalk Address Resolution Protocol: AARP is the local area network architecture developed by Apple Audio Coder 3: A digital encoding scheme from Dolby Laboratories for encoding surround sound, also known as Dolby Digital AP: A wireless device whose primary function is to consolidate multiple wireless connections, serving as an intermediary between wireless devices and high-speed wired networks The speed, in bits per second, at which data is transmitted between the end-user and the network Asynchronous Connection-less Link: Provides a packet-switched connection master to any slave In ad hoc mode, wireless clients communicate directly with each other without the use of a wireless AP also known as a peer-to-peer network or a computer-to-computer network Generally, a name or token that identifies a network component. On the Internet, every file has a unique address called a URL and within local area networks LANsevery node also has a unique address A high-speed circuit that holds the addresses of data to be processed or of the next instruction to be executed Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line: A version of DSL, with one direction offering higher download speeds and is usually configured to deliver up to six megabytes Mbps of data per second. The preferred standard for the encryption of commercial and government data using a symmetric block data encryption technique. It is specified in the IEEE i security standard and trading in the implementation of WPA2. Typically used in the IF portion of the receiver. In GPS systems, which have a negative SNR at the IF stage, the AGC operates not on signal but on noise power Accelerated Graphics Port: A dedicated graphics port that allows system memory to be used for video-related tasks. AGP delivers a smooth, true-color video image because of the faster interface between the video circuitry and the computer memory Authentication Header: A security protocol that provides data authentication and optional anti-replay services. AH is embedded in the data to be protected. Intended to guarantee connectionless integrity and data origin authentication of IP datagrams A notification that the traffic signal has degraded or failed or equipment is malfunctioning. An SNMP message notifying an operator or an administrator of a network problem. See event and trap Trading approximation of the orbit models of the entire constellation of GPS satellites. Typically used for acquiring satellite signals rather than calculating position. It is valid for a period of months. In comparison, ephemeris data is valid only for a matter of hours Arithmetic and Logic Unit - The unit of a computing system that contains the circuits that perform arithmetic operations A functional component of a computer system that performs arithmetic operations. See vector unit and scalar unit Active-matrix Organic Light Emitting Diode: OLED pixels that have been deposited or integrated onto a thin film transistor TFT array to form a matrix of pixels that illuminate light upon electrical activation, which functions as a series of switches to control the current flowing to each of the pixels. AMOLEDs do not require a backlight Advanced Mobile Phone Service: A first-generation frequency division duplex analog radiotelephone standard used primarily in North America, Central America and South America. AMPS uses a total of 50 MHz of spectrum MHz at MHz MHz for uplink transmission and 25 MHz at MHz MHz for downlink transmission, using 30 kHz channel separation. D-AMPS is the digital version of the standard American National Standards Institute: ANSI is the primary organization for fostering the development of technology standards in the United States. Specify standards for implementation of Location Based Services, and E911 implementation A device designed to minimize shocks caused by the buildup of static electricity, which can disrupt computer equipment or cause data loss. An antistatic device may take the form of a floor mat, a wristband with a wire attached to the workstation, a spray, a lotion, or other special-purpose device Angle of Arrival: A network-based positioning method that measures the angle at which radio signals arrive at multiple points Access Point: A wireless device whose primary function is to consolidate multiple wireless connections, serving as an intermediary between wireless devices and high-speed wired networks. APPC establishes and tears down connections between communicating programs. It consists of two interfaces: programming and data-exchange. The programming interface replies to requests from programs requiring communication; the data-exchange interface establishes sessions between programs. Usage: Do not use applet to refer to a small Windows program or accessory. Instead use a more specific term, such as program, add-in, utility, or just the name of the program Any software specifically designed for user interaction that does not directly support a hardware device See driver Layer 7 of the OSI reference model. This layer provides services to application processes such as e-mail, file transfer, and terminal emulation that are outside the OSI model Advanced Peer-to-peer Networking: Enhancement to the original IBM SNA architecture. APPN handles session establishment between peer nodes, dynamic transparent route calculation, and traffic prioritization for APPC traffic. The ARP function is to match higher level network IP addresses with the physical hardware address of a piece of hardware, such as an network interface card NICto which is the subsequent router, PC, server, or terminal it belongs Advanced Research Projects Agency: Founded in by the Defense Department in reaction to the Cold War, it is now known as the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency DARPA Advanced Research Projects Agency Network: Precursor to the Internet, ARPANET linked UCLA and Stanford University for the first time in and served as a test bed for early networking technologies Average Revenue Per User: A marketing and financial measure used by wireless service providers An arrangement of elements in one or more dimensions. In a programming language, an aggregate that consists of data objects with identical attributes, each of which may be uniquely referenced by subscription Advanced Services Access Manager: A broadband access manager deployed by Alcatel American Standard Code for Information Interchange: A code for representing English characters as numbers, with each letter assigned a number from 0 to 127, allowing digital devices to communicate with each other and to process, store, and communicate character-oriented information Application-specific Integrated Circuit: Customized microchip designed to perform a very specific task, normally in real time. ASIC design involves taking common functions from a library and integrating them onto a circuit. GPS signal correlators and video accelerators are some examples of these circuits Application Service Provider: A company that offers software to business users over the Internet on some sort of per-use charge. Sometimes called content addressable memory CAM Communication in which data can be transmitted intermittently rather than in a steady stream. Most communications between computers and devices are asynchronous Acceptance Testing: Operating and testing of a communication system, subsystem or component to ensure that the specified performance characteristics have been met Advanced Technology Attachment: The computer disk drive interface standard. The specification for IDE interface Asynchronous Transfer Mode: The international standard for cell relay in which multiple service types such as voice, video, or data are conveyed in fixed-length byte cells. Fixed-length cells allow cell processing to occur in hardware, thereby reducing transmit delays. ATM is designed to take advantage of high-speed transmission media Mbps, Mbps, and highersuch as E3, SONET, and T A term that describes the constraints placed on accesses of a data format: the read, write, and lock accesses are performed indivisibly In electrical systems, a network that reduces the amplitude of a signal without appreciably distorting its waveform. In optical systems, a device that reduces the amplitude of a signal without appreciably distorting its waveform. Examples Optical attenuators are usually passive devices The degree of attenuation may be fixed, continuously adjustable, or incrementally adjustable Attachment Unit Interface - In broadband local area networks, the cable, connectors, and transmission reception circuitry that are used to interconnect the physical layer signaling and medium attachment unit MAU In a local area network, the interface between the medium attachment unit and the data terminal equipment within a data station. The AUI carries encoded signals and provides for duplex data transmission The process whereby pre-approved wireless clients may join a collision domain. Authentication occurs before association Automatic Vehicle Location: A type of system using any sort of technology to track or locate a vehicle. Usage: back end n ; back-end adj Part of a network that acts as the primary path for traffic that is most often sourced from, and destined for other networks The main wire that connects nodes and handles the major traffic of a network. Another term for bus. Commonly used to describe the main network connections composing the Internet The physical connection between an interface processor or card and the data buses and the power distribution buses inside a chassis In networking, a passive device with distributed electrical constants used to couple a balanced system or device to an unbalanced system or device. For example, a transformer used to connect balanced twisted-pair cables to unbalanced coaxial cables. Note: Derived from "balance to unbalance" transformer. A network for the transformation from an unbalanced transmission line or system to a balanced line or system or vice versa The energy difference between the bottom of the conduction band and the top of the valence band A wave filter that has a single transmission band, neither of the frequencies of the cutoff frequencies being zero or infinite. See optical filter The maximum transmission capacity of a communications channel at any time usually measured in bits per second. If you compare the communications channel to a pipe, bandwidth represents the pipe width and determines how much data can flow through the pipe at any one time An exclamation point! A base station is usually referred to as an access point AP The original band of frequencies or type of data transmission in which digital or analog data is sent over a single unmultiplexed channel, such as an Ethernet LAN Symbols per seconds. Measure of the speed of a communications channel. Correspondingly, less significant bytes have higher relative memory addresses. A representation of multibyte numerical values in which bytes with greater numerical significance appear at lower memory addresses. A specified ordering of bytes within a data structure where the low-order byte byte 0 is placed in the most significant byte lane of that data structure. Usage: big endian n. The convention for these multiple precision integers is an array of 32-bit values. The low-ordered 32-bit integer value array index 0 contains the least-significant bit of the multiple precision integer. The high-ordered 32-bit integer value array index N contains the most-significant bit of the multiple precision integer. Each individual 32-bit element in a BigNum array is stored logically, that is, in the native byte order big-endian mode or little-endian mode of the host processor Built-in Self-test: A test paradigm that incorporates circuitry in the device for executing and resolving test information about the device Binary Digit: The smallest space in a memory. The part of a computer program that may be used to establish another version of the computer program. To initialize a system by means of a bootstrap Broadband Passive Optical Network: A network that provides Mbps of downstream bandwidth and Mbps upstream bandwidth. See GPON Biphase Shift Keying: BPSK is a digital frequency modulation technique used for sending data over a coaxial cable network. Some broadband modems are beginning to incorporate Wi-Fi capabilities, replacing the need for an access point or router A special type of networking address that allows information to be sent to all machines on a given subnet rather than a specific machine Transmitting a message, such as an IP Address, to everyone on a network. See multicasting and narrowcasting Broadcom Serial Control: A proprietary Broadcom bus or interface that is compatible with the I2C bus or interface Boundary-scan Description Language: A language used in design of electronic test logic Broadcom Software Library: The main portion of the Broadcom Driver Software that runs on the handset host processor. It contains functionality to handle assistance data, provide standards-based interfaces to the wireless network, manage chip communications and control, and compute position. It provides high-level commands for obtaining position fixes and performing continuous, mobile navigation. Also referred to as base station A single unit of information usually equal to the amount of storage needed for a single character to be stored Control Plane: Refers to the LCS architecture and method of using the control channel to carry assistance data and location responses. In this method, the voice call and location information are directly associated with each other. Activities of a certification authority can include binding public keys to distinguished names through signed certificates, managing certificate serial numbers, and revoking certificates A data modem used to connect a computer to a cable TV service. A function written as part of the application, associated with a specific widget resource, that is invoked as a result of a specific change of state associated with that widget. Also known as international callback, is a system for avoiding regular phone company long-distance charges by having a call initiated from within the United States with the originating caller joining in a conference call. A scheme used in event-driven" programs where the program registers a subroutine" a "callback handler" to handle a certain "event". Channel Associated Signaling: Call control signaling transmitted within the bandwidth of the call it controls; also called in-band signaling. In the IEEE i standard, unlike WPA, key management and message integrity is handled by a single component CCMP built around AES Cisco Compatible Extension: A licensing agreement offered by Cisco Systems to enable interoperability of third-party client adapters and mobile devices with Cisco Aironet wireless local area network LAN infrastructure Code-division Multiple-access: A second-generation digital communication technology used in both cellular and PCS wireless telephony. It assigns unique matching codes to each separate pair of listeners and speakers, thereby enabling them to be transmitted over the same channel. CDMA combines several smaller channels into one larger channel by using spread spectrum technology. Requires a special modem, and a carrier network that has been upgraded to accommodate such data transmissions Common Data Security Architecture: An open source capability offered by Intel. CDSA is a security middle ware specification and reference implementation that is open source, cross-platform, interoperable, extensible, and freely exportable. CDSA is a set of layered security services that is enabling a new generation of interoperable e-Business solutions for the Internet Processing of data stream to greatly reduce compress the data bandwidth options to transmit video images Any product issued under a European Directive, this mark is to be placed on the market in the EU must bear CE marking. A single portion of a radio network that is serviced by a fixed radio transmitter. Multiple cells help provide radio coverage to an even larger area. Cell phones are an example of this technology A radio network made up of a number of radio cells, with each cell using a fixed transmitter to cover a specific geographical area A digital document that is commonly used for authentication and secure exchange of information on open networks, such as the Internet, extranets, and intranets. A certificate securely binds a public key to the entity that holds the corresponding private key. Certificates are digitally signed by the issuing certification authority and can be issued for a user, a computer, or a service. The most widely accepted format for certificates is defined by the ITU-T X version 3 international standard The storage area on your computer where requested certificates are stored. The user store is the Personal folder in the certificate store. The root store is in the Trusted Root Certification Authorities folder in the certificate store. The machine store is on the authentication server of the certification authority Common Firmware Environment: Developed at Broadcom to support 32-bit and 64-bit operation of the BCM multiprocessor Connectivity Fault Management: Part of IEEE ag standard, it comprises three protocols that work together to help administrators debug Ethernet networks. Chip enable is a clock or strobe that significantly affects the power dissipation of the memory. Chip select is a logical function that gates the inputs and outputs. Example: Chip enable may be the cycle control of a dynamic memory or a power reduction input on a static memory The inputs that when false prohibit writing into the memory and disable the output of the memory. Chip enable is a clock or strobe that significantly affects the power dissipation of the memory Characterization of how much a color differs from both the pure color and the gray of the same intensity, also called saturation. CIM is comprised of a Specification and a Schema. The Specification defines the details for integration with other management models, while the Schema provides the actual model descriptions Carrier to Interference Ratio Committed Information Rate: a synonym for minimum guaranteed bit rate in telecommunications Either a collection of electrical components, such as resistors, inductances, capacitors, transistors, and power or a connection between to points on a WAN, usually between one router and another, or between a router and a remote access server A method of routing traffic between an originator and a destination through switching centers Cisco Key Integrity Protocol: A Cisco proprietary security protocol for encryption in IEEE media. The term also refers to end-users in a network A type of computing, comparable to grid computing that relies on sharing computing resources rather than having local servers or personal devices to handle applications. The goal of cloud computing is to apply traditional supercomputing or high-performance computing power, normally used by military and research facilities, to perform tens of trillions of computations per second, in consumer-oriented applications such as financial portfolios or even to deliver personalized information, or power immersive computer games Color Look-up Table: The set of available colors for a given application. A 24-bit system can display 16 million unique colors, but a given program might use only of them at a time if the display is in color mode. Synonym when combined with others under a common sheath coaxial tube. A cable consisting of multiple coaxial tubes under a single protective sheath. The coder encodes pulse amplitude modulation or PAM samples in pulse code modulation PCM pulses while the decoder modifies the received PDM information and puts it in a form that can be understood by the receiver. Usage: Do not spell out or capitalize A-GPS receiver powers-up and performs a location fix without any stored frequency or time information Relating to cell towers: towers are co-linear if they lie along the same line e. An indication of how an upper-layer protocol requires a lower-layer protocol to treat its messages. A CRC character is generated at the transmission end. Its value depends on the hexadecimal value of the number of ones in the data block The analog or digital interference, usually electromagnetic, caused when circuits or cables are placed too closely to one another A technology provided as part of Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows NT, and Windows operating systems. It provides a standard way for applications to obtain cryptographic services such as encryption and decryption, digital signing, and so forth Cable-sourced Electrostatic Discharge: An ESD event that occurs when an electrically-charged network cable is plugged into a network port Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection: A local area network access technique. When a station wants to gain access to the network, it listens for conflicting traffic and verifies that the network is free. If the network is not free, it waits for a small amount of time and retries Cryptographic Service Providers: Software modules in CryptoAPI that provide the actual cryptographic services. See DSU Composite Triple Beat: An important distortion measure of analog CATV systems. It is mainly caused by third-order distortion in the transmission system Composite Video Broadcasting Signal: The complete video signal. For monochrome systems, it comprises the picture, blanking, and synchronizing signals. For color systems it includes additional color synchronizing signals and color picture information Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing: The provision of two or more channels over a common optical waveguide, the channels being differentiated by optical wavelength Delta Channel: An ISDN channel used by a terminal and an ISDN switch to exchange control and signaling information Destination Address Device Address: For Bluetooth, a unique 48-bit IEEE address for each transceiver Direct Access Arrangement A circuit, typically used in modems, which allows a device to be connected to telephone lines Digital-to-analog Converter, Direct Attach Copper - A device that converts an input number sequence into a function of a continuous variable data processing A circuit or device whose input is information in digital form and whose output is information in digital form hybrid computer linkage components A converter that converts an input number sequence digital into a function of a continuous variable analog A device or group of devices that converts a numerical input signal or code into an output signal some characteristic of which is proportional to the input A circuit that converts an input number sequence digital into a function of a continuous variable analog Technically, raw facts and figures, such as orders and payments, which are processed into information, such as balance due and quantity on hand. Usage: Data takes both singular and plural verbs. The most common industry usage is singular. The term data is the plural of datum, which is one item of data. However, datum is rarely used. Example: The data is available The Layer binary of the OSI reference model that provides reliable transit of data across a physical link. The data link layer is concerned with physical addressing, network topology, line discipline, error notification, ordered delivery of frames, options flow control. The IEEE divided this layer into two sublayers: the MAC sublayer and the LLC sublayer The speed with which data can be transmitted from one device to another or across a network and is usually measured in bits per second bps Decibel - A standard unit for expressing the ratio between two parameters using logarithms to the base One-tenth of a bel, the number of decibels denoting the ratio of two amounts of power being ten times the common logarithm of this ratio. Note: The abbreviation dB is commonly used for the term decibel The standard unit for expressing transmission gain or loss and relative power levels. Decibels indicate the ratio of power input A 9-pin connector, approximately 2 cm long by cm wide, with two rows of pins or sockets, a row of 5 and, a row of 4, 9 pins total. It is often used in low-speed data communications such as RS-232, and is the connector on personal computers since the IBM PC-AT used for COM ports. There are larger versions with 15 pins, called DB-15 and used for game ports and 10BASE5 network AUIs, and 25 pins, called DB-25 and used for earlier COM ports and printer ports among other things Decibel-Hertz: A log-ratio powers: equal to ten times the logarithm base ten of the ratio of signal power to the noise power in one Hertz of bandwidth. Data Circuit-terminating Equipment ITU-T expansion : Devices and connections of a communications network that comprise the network end of the user-to-network interface. The DCE provides a physical connection to the network, forwards traffic, and provides a clocking signal used to synchronize data transmission between DCE and DTE devices. Modems and interface cards are examples of DCE. When two or more programs that support DDE are running simultaneously, they can exchange information, data, and commands The process of converting secretly coded data back into its original form, usually requiring a secret key or password. See encryption Data Encryption Standard: This is a standard cryptographic algorithm developed by the National Institute for Standards and Technology NTIS Data High Rate Diffie-Hellman key exchange: A public key cryptography protocol that allows two parties to establish a shared secret over insecure communications channels. Diffie-Hellman is used within Internet Key Exchange IKE to establish session keys. Diffie-Hellman is a component of Oakley key exchange. A technique of changing encryption techniques on the fly Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol: A mechanism for allocating IP addresses dynamically so that addresses can be reused when hosts no longer need them Analog modem service for connecting to the Internet or to the company LAN. This technology has since been followed by broadband services such as ISDN, cable and DSL. Usage: Use as an adjective only, not as a verb or noun. As an adjective, it defines a line, a modem, or a networking connection. It refers to a service. Do not use as a noun "a dial up". Use dial as the verb to refer to placing a call or using a dial-up device Differentiated Services: A paradigm for providing quality of service QoS on the Internet by employing a small, well-defined set of building blocks from which a variety of services can be built A signal that is both discrete and quantized. Usually transmitted as binary code that can be either the presence or absence of current, high and low voltages or short pulses at a particular frequency One or more two-position switches housed in a dual in-line package DIP ; used on a circuit board to control certain functions A dipole antenna is theoretically the simplest type of antenna, offering omnidirectional coverage, but not much gain. Access points usually have one or two dipole antennas The dirent structure defines a file system independent directory entry, which contains information common to directory entries in different file system types Data Link Control: Every network interface card NIC has a DLC address that identifies the node on the network. The microprocessor is freed from involvement with the data transfer, thus speeding up overall computer operation Desktop Management Interface: Desktop Management Interface is an industry framework for managing and keeping track of hardware and software components in a system of personal computers from a central location. DMI was created by the Distributed Management Task Force DMTF to automate system management and is particularly beneficial in a network computing environment where dozens or more computers are managed. DMI is hardware and operating system-independent, independent of specific management protocol, easy for vendors to adopt, and mappable to existing management protocols. This specification defines interface requirements for cable modems involved in high-speed data distribution over cable television system networks. Usage: Not DOCSIS-compliant In a LAN, a sub network made up of computers and devices that are administered as a unit with common rules and procedures. Within the Internet, domains are defined by the IP address A function that can be taken either as a minterm or a maxterm at the convenience of the user. On receiver side usually a downconverter is used to transform the signal from the passband back to the baseband for further processing Data flowing from the central office CO to the subscriber. In technologies like ADSL, the downstream data rate is significantly higher than upstream Digital Print Order Format format for direct printing from digital cameras by Eastman Kodak Company; Canon Inc. DQDB, which permits multiple systems to interconnect using two unidirectional logical buses, is an open standard that is designed for compatibility with carrier transmission standards, and is aligned with emerging standards for BISDN Differential Quadrature Phase Shift Keying: A digital modulation technique commonly used with cellular systems Dynamic Random-access Memory: RAM that stores information in capacitors that must be refreshed periodically. Delays can occur because DRAMs are inaccessible to the processor when refreshing their contents. DRAM modules are less complex and have greater capacity than SRAM modules A test of the performance of a wireless network, device, or service, performed from a vehicle traveling within the network area A program routine that enables another program, typically an operating system, to interact with a peripheral device such as a printer, disk drive, or keyboard for example. Also called a device driver. Software that directly supports a hardware device and the components used directly by the software. See application Downstream: A frequency multiplexed band in a CATV channel that distributes signals from a headend facility to subscribers. Differentiated Services Code Point Broadcom Display Stream Interface: A high-speed serial interface for LCD modules. In telco data configurations, the DSLAM allows router port sharing; without it, each DSL line would require its own router port an expensive proposition Digital Signal Processor: A DSP segments the voice signal into frames and stores them in voice packets. Digital Signal Processing: A specialized microprocessor that performs Digital Signal Processing functions on a data stream. Used for improving the accuracy and reliability of digital communications. DSP works by clarifying, or standardizing, the levels or states of a digital signal. A DSP circuit is able to differentiate between human-made signals, which are orderly, and noise, which is inherently chaotic. Domain Specific Part: Part of an NSAP-format ATM address that contains an area identifier, a station identifier, and a selector byte. See NSAP Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum: A physical layer technology used in wireless LANs IEEE DSSS operates by spreading a signal over a wide range of the GHz band Data Service Unit: A device that provides bipolar conversion functions to ensure proper signal shaping and adequate signal strength in a digital communications environment. DTE connects to a data network through a DCE device for example, a modem and typically uses clocking signals generated by the DCE. DTE includes such devices as computers, protocol translators, and multiplexers. Compare with DCE Dual-tone Multi-frequency: Tones generated when a button is pressed on a telephone, primarily used in the USA and Canada Digital Television: A digital modulation and compression method used to broadcast video, audio and data signals to television sets. Usually uses MPEG-2 video compression and Dolby Digital for audio compression. There are currently different standards of DTV throughout the world, DVB in Europe and ISDB in Japan, and the FCC approved ATSC standard for North America. Digital Television, includes HDTV and digital versions of SDTV A device that is capable of operating in two frequencies. In cellular phone technology, dual-band devices typically operate in both the GSM900 and GSM frequencies, allowing a greater number of roaming options Transmission in which data may be sent simultaneously in both directions on a transmission medium Digital Video Broadcasting: Consortium of around companies in the fields of broadcasting, manufacturing, network operation, and regulatory matters working to establish common international standards for the move from analog to digital broadcasting Digital Visual Interface: A display interface developed in response to the proliferation of digital flat-panel displays. It compares the difference between the time of arrival of the cellular signal at the handset, and at a nearby fixed receiver. Time differences from at least three non-colinear cell towers are required to be able to compute position. E3 lines can be leased for private use from common carriers. See EPROM Enable High Speed: Refers to whether High Speed mode is enabled for a given device SDIO specification Electronic Industries Association: A trade association representing the high technology community, responsible for setting standards for consumer products and electronic components. Developed RS-232, RS and RS standards for connecting serial devices Extended Inquiry Response: Provides more information during the inquiry procedure to allow better filtering of devices before connection. This information may include the name of the device, a list of services the device supports, the transmission power level used for inquiry responses, and manufacturer defined data. Bluetooth Excess Information Rate frame relay Effective Isotropic Radiated Power: Expresses the performance of a transmitting system in a given direction. EIRP is the sum of the power at the antenna input plus antenna gain Enhanced JTAG: A standard defined by MIPS Technologies in conjunction with its semiconductor partners and third-party developers of hardware and software development tools Electromagnetic Interference: Interference by electromagnetic signals that can cause reduced data integrity and increased error rates on transmission channels The most effective way to achieve data security by changing data into a form that can be read only by the intended receiver An entropy encoding is a coding scheme that assigns codes to symbols so as to match code length with the probabilities of the symbols. Typically, entropy encoders are used to compress data by replacing symbols represented by equal-length codes with symbols represented by codes proportional to the negative logarithm of the probability A set of satellite orbit parameters used by GPS receivers to calculate the precise GPS satellite position and velocity. See EEPROM and PROM Enhanced Small Device Interface: A data transfer interface characterized by improved seek times and greater throughput than its predecessor, the ST interface Extended Superframe Format: Framing used on T1 circuits that consists of 24 frames of bits each, with the 193rd bit providing timing and other functions Encapsulating Security Payload: Security protocol that provides data privacy services, optional data authentication, and anti-replay services. ESP encapsulates the data to be protected. Ethernet is a type of network cabling and signalling specified by IEEE European Telecommunication Standards Institute: A Options organization corresponding to the Japanese ARIB under joint Japan-Europe activities related to WCDMA-DS, and plays a major role in 3G standardization efforts A pan-European standard for a digital signaling protocol D channel protocol used for the ISDN, also known as DSS1 Digital subscriber system No Network message indicating operational irregularities in physical elements of a network or a response to the occurrence of a significant task, typically the completion of a request for information. See alarm and trap The duration of time measured from the beginning to the termination on an event Farad: The capacitance of a capacitor between the plates of which there appears a difference of potential of one volt when it is charged by a quantity of electricity equal to one coulomb. The company outsources the fabrication to a specialized foundry. Class A devices are suitable for office use; Class B devices are suitable for use anywhere, including the home, but must pass more stringent tests Frame Check Sequence: Extra characters added to a frame for error control purposes. Used in HDLC, Frame Relay, and other data link layer protocols Fiber Distributed Data Interface: An ANSI standard based on fiber optics configured in a dual, counter-rotating ring and operating at million baud with a user data rate of Mbps. Also, Fibre Distributed Data Interface Forward Error Correction: An error control system used for simplex channels only a forward channel where the channel code is used to determine the most likely transmitted sequence of information symbols. Fast Ether Channel Forwarding Equivalency Class multiprotocol label switching The branch of optical technology concerned with the transmission of radiant power through fibers made of transparent materials, such as glass or fused silica plastic. A technology that uses light as a digital information carrier One of more characters used to identify a file. Firmware is usually installed in the device by its manufacturer and cannot be deleted from the device, but it can often be upgraded An electrically erasable programmable read-only memory EEPROM in which clearing can be performed only on blocks or the entire array A family of single-transistor cell EEPROMs. Cell sizes are about half that of a two-transistor EEPROM, an important economic consideration. Bulk erasure of a large portion of the memory array is required. The mechanism for erasing the memory is easier and faster than that needed for EEPROM. This allowed their adoption for making memory banks on PCMCIA for replacing hard disks into portable computers. It has been used for storing BIOS on personal computer main boards. In this way, the upgrading of the BIOS can be made by software without having to open the computer The sequence of operations performed in the execution of an algorithm. Usage: flow control nflow-control adj Figure of Merit : A quantity used to characterize the performance of a device, system, or method, relative to its alternatives. In engineering, figures of merit are often defined for particular materials or devices to determine their relative utility for an application The amount of space a machine or device takes on a surface usually a floor or desktop or as the system resources an application uses in a computer A FourCC literally, four-character code is a sequence of four bytes used to uniquely identify data formats. The idea was later reused to identify compressed data types in QuickTime and DirectShow Field-programmable Gate Array: A programmable logic device that consists of a matrix of programmable cells embedded in a programmable routing mesh. In communications, a packet or block of transmitted information. In video, a single image in a sequence of images, usually measured in frames per second fps. These collection of cells form a basic transmission unit. Frames are Layer 2 entities, as they have an IEEE format MAC address A method for increasing the speed of IEEE g-based wireless networks by unwrapping short IEEE g packets and rebundling them into a larger packet to reduce the impact of mandatory gaps between packets Industry-standard, switched data link layer protocol that gso multiple virtual circuits using HDLC encapsulation between connected devices. Frame Relay is more efficient than X. See X Fabric Routing Control Frame Rate Conversion from hz To hz frame rate Frame Redundancy Check Ethernet A spread spectrum technique by which the information is hopped between several communications channels. The carrier frequency is periodically changed according to a schedule based upon a code sequence An intermediary computer that does set-up and filtering for another usually more powerful but less friendly machine a "back end". Software that provides an interface to another program "behind" it, which may not be as user-friendly". Probably from analogy with hardware front-ends that interfaced with mainframes". Usage: front end nfront-end adj A computer that interfaces between a group of terminals, communication links, and a host computer and performs communications, error checking code conversion, and other special purpose functions Field Replaceable Unit: The smallest subassembly that can be swapped in the field to repair a fault Finite State Machine: A mathematical model that is characterized by a mapping function from state, input symbol to a new next state. Only capitalize in headings; otherwise, use all lowercase In local area networks, a mode of operation in a network link that supports duplex transmission Foreign eXchange Office: A telephone interface that receives POTS. FXO is also the interface on a VoIP device for connecting to an analog PBX extension Foreign eXchange Station: The interface provided by the telephone company to its customers, which includes battery power, dial tone, and voltage generation. The household telephone jack is an example of an FXS interface This is a medium-speed of ADSL with up to Mbps downstream also known as DSL Lite ITU-T Recommendation G Improved impulse noise protection for DSL transceivers. Within telecommunications, an ITU H entity on a LAN that provides address translation and control access to the LAN for H terminals and gateways. The gatekeeper can provide other services to the H terminals and gateways, such as bandwidth management and locating gateways. A gatekeeper maintains a registry of devices in the multimedia network. The devices register with the gatekeeper at startup and request admission to a call from the gatekeeper A device or node used to interconnect networks, or other devices on a network. Commonly used to refer to any devise that can share an Internet connection, serve DHCP, and bridge between wired and wireless networks. In the IP community, this ia an archaic term referring to a routing device. The term router is currently used to describe nodes that perform this function, and gateway refers to a special-purpose device that performs an application-layer conversion of information from one protocol stack to another. See router This refers to matters of or relating to Karl Gauss or his mathematical theories of magnetics or electricity or astronomy or probability GigaFlop: The ability of a system to compute on billion floating point operations per second A term describing various technologies for implementing Ethernet networking at a nominal speed of one gigabit per second defined by the IEEE z and IEEE ab standards A unit of information or storage equal to 1,024 megabytes; either 1,000,000, bytes or bytes Graphical Identification and Authentication: A dynamic link library DLL file that is part of the Windows operating system. GINA is loaded early in the boot process and handles the user identification and authorization logon process A temporary malfunction; different from a bug, which is a recurring malfunction Globalnaya Navigatsionnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema: GLONASS refers to the Russian satellite navigation system; translated into English it is Global Navigation Satellite System, or GNSS. Usage: On first use, GLONASS should be used. Explain in parenthesis that hereinafter it is going to be referred to as GNSS Global Navigation Satellite System Gigabit Media Independent Interface: The interface between the Reconciliation sublayer and the physical coding sublayer Gateway Mobile Location Center: Mobile Location network element defined by 3GPP standards. It acts as the gateway between the location infrastructure and the external world Gigabit PON: A network that provides up to Gbps downstream and Gbps upstream bandwidth. See BPON General Packet Radio Service: A standard for wireless communications that run at speeds of up to Kbps, compared with GSM systems, which run at Kbps. GPRS, which supports a wide range of bandwidths, is an efficient use of limited bandwidth particularly suited for sending and receiving small bursts of data, such as for e-mail and Web browsing, as well as large volumes of data Global Positioning System: A worldwide navigation system owned and operated by the USA government. GPS consists of a constellation of 24 active satellites that communicate with a ground control system and GPS receivers to provide accurate latitude, longitude, time, and bearing 24 hours a day, worldwide The process of providing additional remote processing or GPS satellite data to support a mobile device in fixing a location using GPS data A condition in which a system continues to operate, providing services in a degraded mode rather than failing completely A brand new installation of equipment without the requirement of integrating existing systems. Contrast with "brownfield," which is an upgrade to an existing system. Coined by the building industry to refer to clean, undeveloped land greenfield vs. Note: A ground plane may consist of a natural e. GSM uses time division multiple access technology and operates at both cellular and PCS frequencies MHz, MHz, MHz. Requires line turnaround to change signal direction UTP links are full duplex in control mode, but only half duplex in data mode. Only capitalize in headings; otherwise, use all lowercase A channel of a duplex system arranged to permit operation in either direction but not in both directions simultaneously A unit of information in a computer, representing a data item whose representation is half of what the machine calls a word. Traditionally, for machines with 32-bit words, a halfword is 16 bits, but for machines that have a 16-bit word, this term is not used; the more common term byte represents half of a 16-bit word. The halfword data type is frequently directly reflected in a programming language as a specific data type. See byte, word, longword, and quadword Home Area Network: A term used to describe interconnected devices and computers found within a users home. See LAN In cellular mobile systems, the process of transferring a phone call in progress from one cell transmitter and receiver and frequency pair to another cell transmitter and receiver using a different frequency pair without interruption of the call. In satellite communications, the process of transferring ground-station control responsibility from one ground station to another without loss or interruption of service A description of circuits with only wire and terminal connections, with no intervening switching no resistors, inductors, or capacitors Home Audio Video Interoperability: A connection that uses Firewire to network and control Audio and Video devices such as VCRs, televisions, stereos, security systems, etc Host Command Interface: The interface between a communications network and a host computer. Host Communications Interface: The layer above the network protocol stack. Host Controller Interface: This is a n optional part of the Bluetooth core stack. When used, it is located between the upper and lower Bluetooth core stack areas High-bandwidth Digital Content Protection: HDCP is a specification developed by Intel Corporation to protect digital entertainment content across the DVI interface. The HDCP specification provides a robust, cost-effective and transparent method for transmitting and receiving digital entertainment content to DVI-compliant digital displays High-level Data Link Control: Bit-oriented synchronous data link layer protocol developed by ISO. Derived from SDLC, HDLC specifies a data encapsulation method on synchronous serial links using frame characters and checksums. The standards define a multiplicity options point-to-point and multidrop protocols High-speed Digital Subscriber Line: DSL that delivers symmetric service at speeds up to Mbps in both directions High Definition Television: Six times the resolution of standard definition TV SDTV and a full 60 frames per second resolution which is twice the vertical and horizontal resolution of current NTSC analog television broadcasting In broadband local area networks, the central location that has access to signals traveling in both inbound and outbound directions. The logical root of the broadband coaxial cable system. Also, the physical location where the inbound and outbound paths are accessible. The headend is also called the central retransmission facility. A point where two or more half-duplex data paths are joined on the communications network. In a local area network, a device that receives signals from each data station and then retransmits the signals to all the data stations A dual-mode High-Speed Downlink Packet Access HSDPA and Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution EDGE global wireless broadband standard for high-speed cellular data The inductance of a closed circuit in which an electromotive force of one volt is produced when the electric current in the circuit varies uniformly at a rate of one ampere per second Pertaining to a selection in which there are sixteen possible outcomes Pertaining to the numeration system with a radix of Usage: Spell out. Do not use hex Human Interface Device: A type of peripheral device that allows humans to interact with computers, such as a mouse, keyboard, joystick, or graphics tablet Hash-based Message Authentication Code: HMAC is a mechanism for message authentication using cryptographic hash functions. It can be used with any iterative cryptographic hash function, for example MD5, SHA-1, in combination with a secret shared key The linking of different in-home electronics devices within a home over existing wires, or without wires. A residential version of the networks that connect gso PCs, printers and servers in offices The name of the specification that defines the home networking technology that connects devices to each other through the power lines in a home A processor executing system services; also called a node. Any machine that is connected to a computer network. Hot spots can often be found at coffee shops, hotels, airport lounges, train stations, convention centers, and other public meeting areas Refers to the technology that allows users to install and remove PCI devices while the computer is running. Hot-Plug PCI should not be confused with failover functionality HomePNA or Home Phoneline Networking Alliance: A consortium of 90 companies from the PC, consumer electronics, and networking equipment manufacturing industries that aim to deliver easy-to-use, affordable, high-speed networking solutions over existing telephone wires High-Performance Routing: Second-generation routing algorithm for APPN. HPR provides a connectionless layer with nondisruptive routing of sessions around link failures, and a connection-oriented layer with end-to-end flow control, error control, and sequencing. See APPN High Speed Circuit Switched Data: A high-speed implementation of GSM data techniques that enables users to access the Internet and other datacom services via the Gso network at considerably higher data rates than at present High Speed Serial Interface: Network standard for high-speed up to 52 Mbps serial connections over WAN links High Speed Transceiver Logic: A technology-independent standard for digital integrated circuits. See access point A wireless service launched in Japan in spring by NTT DoCoMo. Up to 16 audio channels at up to kHz In-band: Refers to a type of interactive channel for Digital Video Broadcasting DVB-compliant TV distribution systems. DVB is Digital Video Broadcasting Independent Basic Service Set. IEEE wireless networking Integrated Broadband Services Switch. The system features both voice and data communication as well as push-to-talk dispatch features. IDEN is used by Tier 1 carriers in the USA Internet Digital Rights Management: An IETF research group formed to research issues and technologies relating to digital gso management on the Internet Interface Data Unit: A service data unit SDU can be segmented into multiple data blocks at an interface and these segments are called IDUs. The organization uses a series of numbers to differentiate between the various technology families The standard that defines the technology used for wireless LAN products. The original standard was ratified by the IEEE inand specified products with a maximum data rate of 2 Mbps. Since then, the standard has expanded to define faster wireless systems. Standards defined within the IEEE portfolio are: IEEE Bridging and Management. IEEE Logical Link Control. General standard for the data link binary for use with IEEE through IEEE networks. IEEE Media Access Control MAC layer. Standard that defines the MAC layer for networks using token-passing mechanisms. IEEE Token Ring Access Method. Standard that defines the MAC layer for token-ring networks with access at 4 Mbps or 16 Mbps. Standard for Metropolitan Area Networks MANs. IEEE Broadband Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks. IEEE Resilient Packet Rings The standard that defines the technology used for wireless LAN products. See Wi-Fi The IEEE standard for wireless LAN products that specifies data rates up to 54 Mbps in the 5 GHz band. IEEE ap implementations are required to operate in an environment comprising up to 1 metre in of copper printed circuit board with two connectors. The standard provides for two different implementations at 10 Gbps: 10GBASE-KX4 and 10GBASE-KR. The IEEE ap standard also defines an optional layer for FEC, a backplane auto-negotiation protocol and link training where the receiver can set a three tap transmit equalizer The IEEE standard for wireless LAN products that specifies data rates up to 11 Mbps in the GHz band. IEEE b was the first widely-accepted Wi-Fi technology, but has now been replaced by the faster IEEE g standard The IEEE standard for wireless LAN products that specifies data rates up to 54 Mbps in the GHz band. IEEE g is the mainstream technology for wireless networks in the home, office, and public places The IEEE standard specifying security mechanisms for IEEE networks. IEEE i makes use of the Advanced Encryption Standard AESand includes improvements in key management, user authentication through IEEE X and data integrity of headers. See WPA The IEEE IEEE standard that includes MIMO. Products may specify data rates up to Mbps, and throughput between Mbps and Mbps. The IEEE n standard utilizes the MIMO technology along with other techniques to improve efficiency ratified in September Media Access Control MAC Security2. Move and update Ethernet related TLVs currently specified in IEEE AB Priority-based Flow Control. The IETF operates under the auspices of ISOC Interface Intermediate Frequency: A frequency below Radio Frequency RF. Instead of sending data in parallel, which is what PCI does, InfiniBand sends data in serial and can carry multiple channels of data at the same time in a multiplexing signal The process of substituting specific data, instructions, or both into a generic program unit to make it usable in a computer program. The creation of a new instance. In object-oriented programming, the process to produce an object from a class. It can be static and dynamic An interconnect protocol optimized for high-bandwidth and reliable packet transfers. IP provides features for addressing, type-of-service specification, fragmentation and reassembly, and security. Each address consists of a network number, an optional subnetwork number, and a host number. This portable code differs from an actual physical IC chip component purchased from a supplier to provide a similar capability Intelligent Platform Management Interface: The IPMI initiative consists of three specifications: Intelligent Platform Management Interface, Intelligent Platform Management Bus IPMBand the Intelligent Chassis Management Bus ICMB. The IPMI initiative derives its name from the main specification IPMIwhich defines the messages and system interface to platform management hardware. The IPMB specification defines an internal management bus for extending platform management within a chassis, whereas the ICMB specification defines the external management bus between IPMI embedded systems. Internet Protocol Multicast Initiative IP Security: A framework of open standards developed by the IETF that provides data confidentiality, data integrity, data privacy, tunneling methods, key management, and data authentication between participating peers. IPsec provides these security services at the IP layer. Widely deployed to implement Virtual Private Networks VPN Internetwork Protocol Exchange Internetwork Packet Exchange: Novell NetWare network layer Layer 3 protocol used for transferring data from servers to workstations. IPX is similar to IP and XNS Internet Digital Rights Management: An IETF research gso formed to research issues and technologies relating to digital rights management on the Internet Interrupt Request: A signal or other input requesting that the currently executing process be suspended to permit performance of another process A digital mobile telephony standard based on CDMA technology. ISO is responsible for setting international industrial and commercial standards Internet Service Provider: A telecommunications business or organization that provides users access to the Internet. ISR provides node-to-node connection-oriented routing. Network outages cause sessions to fail because ISR cannot provide nondisruptive rerouting around a failure. ISR was replaced by HPR. Interrupt Service Routine: A routine that responds to interrupt requests by storing the contents of critical registers, performing the processing required by the interrupt request, restoring the register contents, and restarting the interrupted process International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Standardization Sector: International body that develops worldwide standards for telecommunications technologies. The ITU-T binary out the functions of the former Consultative Committee for International Telegraph and Telephone CCITT Integer Unit: A processing unit that performs integer and control-flow operations and contains general-purpose integer registers and processor state registers, as defined by this standard Java is an object-oriented programming language developed by the Sun Corporation. Because it is platform-independent, it is especially useful for programming applets for the World Wide Web A little application written in Java language which can be embedded in an HTML document. Usage: Do not spell out The interpacket delay variance; that is, the difference between interpacket arrival and departure. Jitter is an important quality of service QoS metric for voice and video applications. Analog communication line distortion caused by the variation of a signal from its reference timing positions; jitter can cause data loss, particularly at high speeds Joint Picture Experts Group: A standard of lossy compression for photographic images commonly used on the Web Joint Test Action Group - Test access port and boundary scan architecture An abbreviation used to describe the serial diagnostic signals that have been defined by this group In computer networking, jumbo frames is a feature that allows Ethernet hardware to send, receive, or transport Ethernet frames above bytes in size. IEEE: Either bits or bits Kbps Microsoft KBps, Kbps: KBps is the abbreviation for kilobytes per second. Kbps is the abbreviation for kilobits per second. Use the abbreviations only as a measurement with numerals; do not use in straight text without a numeral. After a signal is sent, if no reply is received the link is assumed to be down and future data will be routed via another path until the link is up again The keyword is the term that a user associates with a specific task or set of information A prefix indicating 1, In statements involving size of computer storage, a prefix indicating or A unit of frequency equal to 1,000 cycles per second. A unit of frequency equal to 1,000 hertz or Hz The primary L-band signal transmitted by each GPS satellite at MHz. LANs connect workstations, peripherals, terminals, and other devices in a single building or other geographically limited area LAN emulation: Technology that allows an ATM network to function as a LAN backbone LAN Access Point: A device that provides access to a Local Area Network. Local Area Network Access Profile Bluetooth Lower Address Part Link Access Procedure, Balanced: A data link layer protocol in the X. LAPB is a bit-oriented protocol derived from HDLC that ensures that frames are error free and in the right sequence A state in which a low-impedance path results from an input, output, or supply excessive operating condition that triggers a parasitic structure and persists after the removal or cessation of the triggering condition The amount of time it takes a packet to travel over a network from source to destination as it is momentarily stored, analyzed and then forwarded Liquid Crystal Display: A display made of trading whose reflectance or transmittance changes when an electric field is applied Learning Classifier System Location Services: A generic term for services and related applications that are based on the geographic location of a mobile device, and are channelled primarily through wireless communication networks Lightning Data Transfer: An interconnection standard introduced by AMD that allows for fast data transfers among the Northbridge part of a chipset, the PCI bus esand the Southbridge part. In a multiprocessing machine, the LDT bus can transfer data between sets of two processors. Currently, this technology is named HyperTransport Light Emitting Diode - A p-n junction semiconductor device that emits incoherent optical radiation when biased in the forward direction fiber optics A p-n junction solid-state diode, whose radiated output is a function of its physical construction, material used, and exciting current. The output may be in the infrared or in the visible region. A portion of a circuit connected in tandem with, i. A radio path between two points, called a radio link. Synonym: telecommunications link Multicast by operator command with the intent of reaching a specific Maintenance association End Point MEPs Follows the path a message takes between two domains. A link trace report includes a list of all the domains through which a message would need to pass, along with their current status, link type, address, and number of messages currently queued in each domain A specified ordering of bytes within a data structure where the low-order byte byte 0 is placed in the least significant byte lane of that data structure. Usage: little endian n ; little-endian adj. The LLC generates command PDUs and response PDUs for sending and interprets received command PDUs and response PDUs logical link control sublayer - In a local area network LAN or metropolitan area network MANthe part of the data link layer that supports medium-independent data link functions, and uses the medium access control MAC sublayer service to provide services to the network layer The higher of the two data link layer sublayers defined by the IEEE. The LLC sublayer handles error control, flow control, framing, and MAC sublayer addressing. The most prevalent LLC protocol is IEEEwhich includes both connectionless and connection-oriented variants Location Measurement Unit: Network elements required to support some positioning methods. In cellular networks not synchronized to GPS time GSM, TDMA, PDC, W-CDMALMUs have been proposed to provide precise timing signals to make A-GPS work. Indoor GPS devices operate on these networks, without LMUs, due in part to on-chip massive parallel correlation and patented navigation binary Low Noise Amplifier: Analog radio amplifier, used as the first stage in a GPS front-end. The GL-LN22 RF chip contains an integrated LNA on-chip LAN on Motherboard: A desktop, workstation, or server that has networking silicon on the motherboard, eliminating the need for an add-in NIC The process of matching by computer the words of a text with material stored in memory. Usage: look up v ; lookup n, adj Any method of data compression that guarantees the original data can be reconstructed exactly, bit-for-bit. See lossy compression Any image compression technique that represents gray levels compactly but permits exact reconstruction of the image; for example, contour encoding; run length encoding The process of compressing a file such that some data is lost after the file is compressed and decompressed. Video and sound files often contain more information than is apparent or necessary to the viewer or listener; a lossy compression method, which does not preserve the excess information, can reduce such data to as little as 5 percent of its original size. Any method of data compression that guarantees the original data can be reconstructed exactly, bit-for-bit Longest Prefix Match: IP packet forwarding mechanism. Longest Prefix Match: An algorithm used by routers in Internet Protocol IP networking to select an entry from a routing table. From this, future assistance data is generated for use in Enhanced Autonomous Mode Mega: A prefix indicating one million In statements involving size of computer storage, a prefix indicating 220, or a value of The More Data mark in an X. ISO The portion of the data link layer that controls access to the medium. The MAC sublayer is required in end nodes local area networks. It is standardized by the IEEE working group In software development, make is a utility for automatically building executable programs and libraries from source code. Files called makefiles specify how to derive the target program from each of its dependencies Metropolitan Area Network - A network for connecting a group of individual stations and networks located in the same urban area. Generally, a MAN spans a larger geographic area than a LAN, but a smaller geographic area than a WAN. Compare with LAN and WAN A computer network in which the geographic span is generally 5 km-50 km and operates at speeds greater than 1 Mbps with physical layer data error ratio comparable to a LAN Performing many correlations at the same time. Traditional GPS receivers have two correlators per channel, and these correlators are used, sequentially, to search over the possible correlation delays to find the signal correlation peak. Massive parallel correlation, by contrast, uses up to correlators per channel, to search all possible correlation delays simultaneously Medium Attachment Unit - The device that interfaces the communications system to the medium. The MAU incorporates the circuitry from the physical layer signaling interface PLS to the medium interface In a local area network LANa device used in a data station to couple the data terminal equipment DTE to the transmission medium. This term is contextually specific to IEEE Megabyte: Either bytes or bytes. An SNMP MIB is a collection of objects that describe an SNMP manageable entity. The MIB does not contain data A conceptual database of information contained binary the collection of all the managed objects of a unit or system Broadcom proprietary functionality that encapsulates the on-chip MIB statistic and sends them out automatically on a predefined port or ports at programmed intervals Medium independent interface LANs : The logical interface between the physical medium independent sublayer and the physical medium dependent sublayer in an end node or repeater. Optionally, the MII may be implemented as a physically exposed interface with specified signaling timing and electrical characteristics milli inch, one thousandth of inch: A unit of linear measurement equivalent to mm often used in measuring the diameter of wires Multiple Input Multiple Output: A MIMO network benefits from greater coverage and up to six times the speed of current IEEE g networks. MIMO uses multiple receivers and multiple transmitters on both ends of a wireless connection to improve throughput and range. MIMO will be included in the forthcoming IEEE n wireless LAN standard Mini Peripheral Component Interface: An adaptation of the Peripheral Component Interconnect PCI bus. MLP is the data interface used between SUPL providers, or between a SUPL provider and a mobile network operator. At the source, a modem converts digital signals to a form suitable for transmission over analog communication facilities. At the destination, the analog signals are returned to their digital form. Modems allow data to be transmitted over voice-grade telephone lines Multiport Open Shortest Path First: This is a multicast routing protocol trading to support multicasting on a large internetwork so that routers are able to share their information about host group memberships The principal or primary circuit board making up a complex electronic system, such as a computer, and contains the primary components in a computing system such as the CPU, BIOS, memory, mass storage interfaces, serial and parallel ports, expansion slots, and all the controllers required to control standard peripheral devices MPEG Audio Layer 3: An extremely popular audio compression technology for compressing CD-quality sound by a factor of roughly 10, while retaining most of the original fidelity. MP3 also refers to files of music stored in the MP3 format on computers or handheld devices Moving Picture Experts Group: Industry standard for compressing and decompressing digital audio video signals. Usage: Do not spell out A standard for lossy compression of video and audio. A compression standard for audio and video allowing moving pictures and sound to be encoded into the bit rate of a Compact Disc. To meet the low bit requirement, MPEG-1 downsamples the images, as well as using picture rates of only 24 Hz-30 Hz, resulting in a moderate quality. It includes the Layer 3 MP3 audio compression format Transport, video and audio standards for broadcast-quality television supporting interlacing and high definition. It is the compression scheme for over-the-air digital television ATSC, DVB, and ISDB, digital satellite TV services such as Dish Network, digital cable television signals, SVCD, and DVD Initially an MPEG standard designed for high definition television HDTVbut it was found that MPEG-2 could be used instead. Therefore, this standard no longer exists. Uses of MPEG-4 include compression of AV data for Web streaming media and CD distribution, voice telephone, videophone and broadcast television applications. MPEG-4 uses further coding tools with additional complexity to achieve increased compression factors than MPEG-2. In addition to increased efficient coding of video, MPEG-4 moves closer to computer graphics applications. In more complex profiles, the MPEG-4 decoder effectively becomes a rendering processor and the compressed bitstream describes three-dimensional shapes and surface texture. MPEG-4 also provides Intellectual Property Management and Protection IPMPwhich provides the facility to use proprietary technologies to manage and protect content like digital rights management. Several high-efficiency video standards are included: MPEG-4 Part 2 or Advanced Simple Profile and MPEG-4 Part or Advanced Video Coding or H MPEG-4 Part 10 may be used on HD DVD and Blu-ray discs, along with VC-1 and MPEG Market Requirements Document: A written representation of the overall functionality that users seek in order to address a particular market problem Mobile Station: Refers to the handset or mobile wireless device in a C-plane architecture. See narrowcasting and broadcasting The creation, transmission and reception of digital video blended with graphics, animation, text, audio, voice, or computer data, for purposes of entertainment or communications A method of combining multiple channels of information through a single communications line or channel Algorithms are used in concurrent programming to avoid the concurrent use of unshareable resources by pieces of computer code called critical sections also known as mutex Multiplexer also known as mux A device that allows the interleaving of two or more signals to a single line or terminal A device for selecting one of a number of inputs and switching its information to the output supervisory control, data acquisition, and automatic control milliwatt-second: A measure of energy equal to one milliwatt of power for one second, also equal to one millijoule Not AND, a binary operation in logic; A Boolean operator having the property that if P is a statement, Q is a statement, and R is a statement,then the NAND of P, Q, R, is true only if at least one statement is false NAND Flash is a special form of Flash memory. Gso memory is a memory technology that keeps data even when the power supply is cut off; this is known as a nonvolatile memory type. Flash memory can be read pretty fast, but writing to Flash memory is pretty slow compared to many other -volatile- memory technologies such as SRAM or DRAM. Flash also has a limited number of write-cycles; manufacturers typically specify something in the area of 10,000 writes for the lifetime of the part A metric unit of electric capacitance equal to farad. This data contains information that tells GPS receivers the satellite locations, velocities, and clock offsets. The broadcast data rate is 50 bits per second Network Driver Interface Specification: A Windows device driver interface that enables a single network interface card NIC to support multiple network protocols Describes any group of two or more computer systems connected to one another and includes: LANs, WLANs, CANs, MANs, or HANs An Internet-standard ordering of the bytes corresponding to numeric values. An implementation-defined way of representing an integer so that, when transmitted over a network via a network endpoint, the integer shall be transmitted as an appropriate number of octets with the most significant octet first Layer 3 of the OSI reference model; this layer provides connectivity and path selection between two end systems. The network layer is the layer at which routing occurs Near-end Crosstalk: Crosstalk that is propagated in a disturbed channel in the direction opposite to the direction of propagation of the current in the disturbing channel. In contrast, PMOS positive-channel MOS works by moving electron vacancies. NMOS is faster than PMOS, but also more expensive to produce A network junction or connection point with every terminal, computer, hub and switch being a node. Each node has a unique network address, sometimes called a data link control DLC address or Media access control MAC address In cryptography, a time-variant parameter, such as a counter or a timestamp, that is used in key management protocols to prevent message replay and other types of attacks Relating to cell-towers: towers are noncolinear if they do not lie along the same straight line Not OR, a binary operation in logic; A Boolean operator having the property that if P is a statement, Q is a statement, and R is a statement,then the NOR of P, Q, R, is true only if all statements are false NOR gate flash: In NOR gate flash, each cell has one end connected directly to ground, and the other end connected directly to a bit line. This arrangement is called "NOR flash" because it acts like a NOR gate: when one of the word lines is brought high, the corresponding storage transistor acts to pull the output bit line low Binary Service Access Point: The point at which an entity can request access to the network National Television System Committee: The national committee that developed the television standards that are used within the USA, Canada, Japan, South Korea, and throughout Central and South American countries Optical Carrier With a SONET transmission rate of Mbps times the basic SONET rate of MbpsOC is currently the fastest connection available to the Internet. See OC The base-8 number system consisting of the digits 0 through 7, from the Latin octo, meaning eight. The octal system is used in programming as a compact means of representing binary numbers Organic Electroluminescence: An LED whose emissive electroluminescent layer is composed of a film of organic compounds Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing: A technology used in wireless applications. OFDM is a modulation technique used in the IEEE a and IEEE g standards and in ADSL. In an OFDM system, data transmissions are distributed over a large number of carriers, which reduces interference by preventing the demodulators from seeing frequencies other than their own. Sometimes referred to as discrete multitone modulation DMT A function available for CryptoAPI cryptographic service providers CSPs to use when calling hardware accelerators to perform modular exponentiation The SI unit of electrical impedance or, in the direct current case, electrical resistance, named after Georg Ohm Object Identifier: Values are specified in specific MIB modules. The Event MIB allows trading user or an network management system NMS to watch over specified objects and to set event triggers based on existence, threshold, and Boolean tests Optical Internetworking Forum: An industry group whose purpose is to foster the development and deployment of interoperable data switching and routing products and services that use optical networking technologies International Radio and Television Organization official name in French: Organization Internationale de Radiodiffusion et de Tlvision or OIRT Organic Light-emitting Diode: An LED whose emissive electroluminescent layer is composed of a film of organic compounds Out-of-Band: Refers to a type of interactive channel for DVB-compliant TV distribution systems The initiative within Cable Television Laboratories Inc. Provides the mechanical, electrical, functional, and procedural characteristics access to the transmission medium. This layer accepts a bit stream, called a frame, from the data link layer and places it on the media. It also performs the inverse operation of extracting a bitstream from the physical media and passes it to the data link layer. Layer 2: Data link layer. Provides error-free communication across the physical link. This layer takes a bitstream from the physical layer, frames it into a data packet, appends leading and trailing headers for detection and correction of damaged packets and moves it to the network layer. It also performs the inverse operation on packets received from the network layer. Layer 3: Network layer. Performs those routing and relaying services necessary to support data transmission over interconnected networks. This layer appends and removes routine headers on the data packets, selects paths for them, and regulates their flow to prevent congestion. Layer 4: Transport layer. Accomplishes the transparent transfer of data over the established link, providing an end-to-end service with high data integrity. Layer 5: Session layer. Provides the mechanisms for organizing and structuring the interaction between two entities. Responsible for coordination of the communications in an orderly manner. Layer 6: Presentation layer. Responsible for general user services related to the representation of user data. This layer provides compression, encryption, character and file conversion on messages from the application layer. Layer 7: Application layer. Provides the only interface between the user and the application program. OSPF features include lest-cost routing, multipath routing, and load binary Observed Time Difference Of Arrival: Network-based positioning method for UMTS in which the handset measures the pilot signal time difference between three base stations. ITU Standard G is commonly called Optical Transport Network OTN or digital wrapper technology. OTN is currently offered in the following rates: OTU1,OTU2, and OTU OTU1 has a line rate of approximately Gbps and was designed to transport a SONET OC-48 or synchronous digital hierarchy SDH STM-16 signal OTU2 gso a line rate of approximately Gbps and was designed to transport an OC-192, STM-64, or 10 Gbps WAN. Packets most often are used to refer to network layer units of data. The terms datagram, frame, message, and segment also are used to describe logical information groupings at various layers of the OSI reference model and in various technology circles. The name for a unit of data sent across a network. A packet is the fundamental unit of information carriage in all modern computer networks A network that uses packet switching techniques for transmission of data. Phase Alternate Line: The TV format used in UK to provide a line picture using a 6 MHz bandwidth. Phase Alteration Line: A 50-hertz video format used in much of the world outside of the USA. Pulse Alternating Line: The TV standard used in the UK and much of Europe. PAL relies on TV lines split into two fields which change 50 times per second, resulting in a PAL TV displaying 25 frames per second. Programmable Array Logic: A programmable, two-level logic device in which the input decode AND array logic is programmable, but the output OR array is fixed. See WPAN and Bluetooth Push Access Protocol: A protocol that uses MIME elements to send XML data to a PPG server, and from the PPG to a mobile device such as a mobile phone or wireless PDA. By definition, the information sent through the PPG has not been requested by the mobile device. Protocol Control Information: Control information added to user data to comprise an OSI packet. Then a code, which represents the reference level, is transmitted to the distant location A modulation technique in which an analog signal is converted to a bitstream for transmission A common lossless encoding of audio Personal Computer Memory Card International Association: An industry trade association that creates standards for notebook computer peripheral devices such as PC cards Physical Coding Sublayer Personal Communications Services: Used to describe a current class of wireless communications services recently authorized by the FCC also known as high-band. PCS systems use a different radio frequency the 1. Also known as a Personal Information Manager, PIM. It can be equipped with applications such as calendars, note pads, address books and even e-mail and Internet access capabilities Primary Domain Controller Personal Digital Cellular: A second-generation technology used in digital cellular telephone communication in Japan. It uses a variation of TDMA. This is used to provide services such as file sharing Penultimate Hip Pop. Preprocessor Hypertext Protocol: A general-purpose scripting language particularly suited to Web development Personal Handy Phone System: A digitalized evolution of the earlier analog cordless phone concept which enables outdoor use as well. PHS incorporates a unique Japanese standard which melds the advantages of the European DECT and CT2. The system operates in the GHz band Physical Layer - Layer 1 of the seven-layer OSI reference model. The PHY defines the electrical, mechanical, procedural, and functional specs for activating, maintaining, and deactivating the physical link between end systems The layer responsible for interfacing with the transmission medium. This includes conditioning signals received from the MAC for transmitting to the medium and processing signals received from the medium for sending to the MAC The Serial Bus protocol layer that translates the logical symbols used by the link layer into electrical signals on Serial Bus media. The PHY is self-initializing. PHY arbitration guarantees that only one node at a time is sending data. Packets are forwarded on all outgoing interfaces until pruning and truncation occur. In dense mode, receivers are densely populated, and it is assumed that the downstream networks want to receive and will use the datagrams that are forwarded to them. The cost of using dense mode is its default flooding behavior. Sometimes referred to as dense mode PIM or PIM DM. Contrast with PIM Sparse Mode. It also allows secure access to the Internet from within an enterprise network Public-Key Cryptography Standard 11: Cryptographic Token Interface Standard from RSA Laboratories. This standard specifies an API, called Cryptokey, to devices that hold cryptographic information and perform cryptographic functions Phase-Locked Loop A device that compares the phase of two signals, that is, a reference signal and a voltage-controlled signal A mechanism whereby timing information is transferred within a data stream and the receiver derives the signal element timing by locking its local clock source to the received timing information A negative feedback control system comprising of a phase-frequency detector PDa loop filter, a voltage-controlled oscillator VCOand a frequency divider A type of clock driver that aligns, in both frequency and phase, the feedback FBOUT output to the clock CLK input signal A clock control circuit that reduces system power consumption Physical Signaling Sublayer: In 10BASE-T, that portion of the physical layer contained within the data terminal equipment DTE that provides the logical and functional coupling between the medium attachment unit MAU and the data link layer A communication device when it is so designed that connections to the device may be completed through pins, plugs, jacks, options, receptacles, or other forms of ready connectors A device that may be installed and removed at will, especially a device that is attached to a bus intended for system expansion A package, usually associated with a plug-in device and serving as the interface to that device, that is created by evaluating an FCode program resident on that device. It is supplied to consumers by their cable company, and is designed to replace the set-top box Programmer Object File: This is the programming file used to program an Altera FPGA, and its filename has an extension of. Only at the end of the line is the signal translated back to RF for distribution to TVs, high-speed Internet modems or telephones Package on Package: Package on package PoP is an integrated circuit packaging method to combine vertically discrete logic and memory ball grid array BGA packages. Two or more packages are installed atop each other, i. See PSTN and AMPS A functionality that enables both power and data to be carried to a wireless access point WAP or other device via the Category 5 UTP cable Pulse Position Modulation: Pulse-time modulation in which the value of each instantaneous sample of a modulating wave is caused to modulate the position in time of a pulse. This data structure is misnamed in that it contradicts the definition of queue A name coined by manufacturers delivering nonstandard Wi-Fi products that promise increased range and speed. The term "pre-N" is designed to lead consumers to believe that these products might be compatible with, and perform like, future IEEE n products. See MIMO General A process in a system designed to emphasize the magnitude of some frequency components with respect to the magnitude of others, to reduce adverse effects, such as noise, in subsequent parts of the system. An arbitrary change in the frequency response of a recording system from its basic response for the purpose of improvement in signal-to-noise ratio, or the reduction of distortion Add to the front of; prepended means preceded as part of the same data unit. Example: A media access control MAC frame is prepended with a preamble and appended with a frame check sequence FCS Layer 6 of the OSI reference model. This layer ensures that information sent by the application layer of one system will be readable by the application layer of another A wireless print server allows multiple computers and other Wi-Fi enabled devices to share a printer without the use of cables. Print servers are typically connected via parallel or USB ports to the printer, and allows files to be transferred wirelessly for printing Programmable Read-only Memory: ROM that can be programmed using special equipment. PROMs can be programmed only once. Compare with EPROM An agreed-upon format for transmitting data between two devices, such as computers talking to each other on a network or over the Internet An intermediary program that acts as both a server and a client for the purpose of making requests on behalf of other clients Preliminary, uncorrected estimates of the distance from a receiver to a given GPS satellite Public Switched Telephone Network: A general term referring to the variety of telephone networks and services in place worldwide. See POTS A cryptographic system that uses two keys, designated as public key and private key, allowing users to communicate securely without having prior access to a shared secret key Permanent Virtual Circuit: A manually configured virtual circuit through an ATM network established at service subscription time and always connects the same two user end points Personal Video Recording: Any device that allows a consumer to record television shows to a hard disk in digital format Pulse-Width Modulation: Pulse-time modulation in which the value of each instantaneous sample of the modulation wave is caused to modulate the duration of a pulse. The modulating frequency may be fixed or variable Quadrature Amplitude Modulation: A modulation technique that combines phase modulation and AM amplitude modulation techniques to increase the number of bits per baud. It can transmit at rates of bps, bps, and high speeds. It is also capable of transmitting from one to seven bits per baud while keeping within the kHz limits of the phone line Quick Fix Engineering: a software development acronym. This is the Microsoft and Intel term for a hotfix Quality of Service: The four negotiated parameters for a link: signaling speed, options turnaround time, data size, and disconnect threshold. QoS can ensure that real-time voice and video are delivered without interruptions or delays The first four octets of an Ethernet-encoded Tag Header, as defined in IEEE Q. IEEE A unit of memory containing 64 bits 8 bytes; 4 words A method used in Pulse Code Modulation PCM to quantify a signal prior to transmission by assigning a number to the amplitude of a wave Quarter Video Graphics Array: A standard for displays and cameras, measuring x pixels; aspect ratio Remote Authentication Dial-in User Service: An authentication and accounting trading used by many Internet Service Providers The base number in a number system. Information is spread across multiple disk drives, improving performance, but if one drive happens to fail, all data within the array is lost. Commonly used in gaming to boost performance. See RAID RAID Level 1: Disk mirroring that creates an exact copy or mirror of trading of data on two or more disks. While offering high reliability, this method doubles storage cost. Commonly used in business applications. See RAID RAID Level A combination of RAID 1 and RAID 0. Raid 0 is used for performance, and RAID 1 is used for fault tolerance RAID Level 2: Rarely used, this method of Error-Correcting Coding stripes data at the bit level rather than by bytes or groups of bytes and uses a Hamming code for error correction. See RAID RAID Level 3: This method achieves the highest data transfer by using byte-level striping with a dedicated parity disk. Rarely used because this method cannot service multiple requests simultaneously. See RAID RAID Level 4: Similar to Level 3, RAID 4 uses a dedicated parity drive, but rather than striping at the byte level it stripes at the block level. This method allows for it to potentially service multiple requests simultaneously. See RAID RAID Level 5: Widely used on servers to provide excellent speed and fault tolerance, RAID 5 stripes date across three or more drives for performance, and parity bits are used for fault tolerance. See RAID RAID Level 6: Providing the highest reliability, but not widely used, RAID 6 uses block-level striping with parity data distributed twice across all member disks. This method provides high speed networks with high throughput and low latency An electromechanical switch that uses a small amount of incoming electricity to charge an electromagnet, which physically pulls down a connecting switch to complete a circuit A computer in a network that allows remote users to dial in to and out of a LAN from workstations via analog modem or ISDN connections Ringer Equivalence Number: A number that indicates the quantity of ringers or products that may be connected to a single telephone line and still ring A device that extends the coverage of an existing access point by relaying its signal A catch-all term, loosely synonymous with home media center, network interface unit, or home network. In general, the unit that joins the broadband network cable or DSL with various consumer electronics devices inside the home Radio Frequency: The frequency in the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that is between the audio-frequency portion and the infrared portion. The present practicable limits of radio frequency are roughly 10 kHz to 100,000 MHz. Within this frequency range electromagnetic radiation may be detected and amplified as an electric current at the wave frequency Request for Comments: The set of documents that defines the internal operation of the Internet for example, RFC or RFC Radio Frequency IDentification: A wireless data collection technology that uses electronic tags for storing and remotely retrieving data using devices called RFID tags. Similar to barcodes, an RFID tag is a small RF transponder that can be attached to or incorporated into an electronic device Registered Jack The North American standard telephone connector that is also used to connect some types of local area networks LANs. See RJ Usage: Hyphenate as shown; not RJ Registered Jack Similar binary the standard USA telephone jack RJ-11but is twice as wide and contains eight wires instead of four. Commonly used to connect computers to local area networks LANs. The type of connector commonly used for telephony and network cabling applications Reinforcement learning: Inspired by behaviorist psychology, reinforcement learning is an area of machine learning in computer science, concerned with how an agent ought to take actions in an environment so as to maximize some notion of cumulative reward Root-Mean-Square Value: The square root of the mean of the squares of a series of values. Every primary site server generates a trusted root key, even if the site is running in native mode and even if Active Directory Domain Services publishing is enabled. If the primary site is joined to a parent site, the child site eliminates its own trusted root key and instead trusts the trusted root key of the parent site. The function of the trusted root key is somewhat like a root certificate in a public key infrastructure in that anything signed by the private key of the trusted root key is trusted further down the hierarchy. By signing the management point certificate with the private key of the trusted root key pair, and by making a copy of the public key of the trusted root key pair available to the clients, clients can differentiate between valid management points and rogue management points. Those which cannot proceed because they are waiting for some event e. The virtue of round-robin scheduling is its simplicity; only the processes themselves need to know what they are waiting for or how to tell if it has happened. However, if a process goes back to sleep just before the event for which it is waiting occurs then the event will not get handled until all the other processes have been activated A network layer device that uses one or more metrics to determine the optimal path along which network traffic should be forwarded. Routers forward packets from one network to another based on network layer information, and occasionally call a gateway although this definition of gateway is becoming increasingly outdated. See gateway, routing, and relay The process of moving binary or packets through network traffic from source to destination. Supports transport of real-time data such as interactive voice and video over packet switched networks A redundancy-reduction technique for facsimile in which a run of consecutive picture elements having the same state gray scale or color is encoded into a single code word The instant at which a computer program begins to execute. The period of time during which a computer program is executing. See execution time A modulation technique developed by Terayon Communications in the mid s, and presented to cable providers as a way to enhance upstream signal performance, particularly for high-speed Internet and telephony services Security Association: An instance of security policy and keying material applied to a data flow Storage Area Networking: A high-speed sub network of shared storage devices. SAS uses serial communication instead of the parallel method found in traditional SCSI devices but still uses SCSI commands for interacting with SAS devices Serial Advanced Technology Attachment or Serial ATA communication rate gigabits per second Serial Advanced Technology Attachment or Serial ATA II communication rate gigabits per second Surface Acoustic Wave: An acoustic or Raleigh, propagating along a surface of an elastic substrate whose amplitude decays exponentially with substrate depth A bus technology used in Sun SPARC-based workstations and servers. The SBus specification was adopted by the IEEE as a new bus standard A comparator application that switches the output negative when the input passes through a positive reference voltage. It then uses negative feedback to prevent switching back to the other state until the input passes through a lower threshold voltage, thus stabilizing against rapid triggering by noise as it passes the trigger point. The Schmitt trigger action uses a comparator to produce stable level-crossing switches in contract to the action of a straight reference comparison Santa Cruz Operation: a supplier of Unix systems for Intel microprocessors. The BASE-T scrambler also ensures that there is no correlation between symbols on the four different wire pairs, and that there is no correlation between symbols in the transmit and receive data streams. SDH is similar to SONET Service Discovery Profile: Used to allow devices to discover what services each other support, and what parameters to use to connect to them. For example, when connecting a mobile phone to a Bluetooth headset, SDP will be used to determine which Bluetooth profiles are supported by the headset such as Headset Profile, Hands Free Profile, or Advanced Audio Distribution Profile and the protocol multiplexer settings needed to connect to each of them. Each service is identified by a Universally Unique Identifier UUIDwith official services Bluetooth profiles assigned a short form UUID bits rather than the full Synchronous Data Link Control: SNA data link layer communications protocol. SDLC is a bit-oriented, full-duplex serial protocol that has spawned numerous similar protocols, including HDLC and LAPB. See indicator and flag. A shareable resource that has a nonnegative integral value. When the value is zero, there is a possibly empty set of threads awaiting the availability of the semaphore. It is used for Gigabit Ethernet contrary to Ethernet for MII. It differs from GMII by its low-power and low-pin count serial interface commonly referred to as a SerDes. To carry frame data and link rate information between a PHY and an Ethernet MAC, SGMII uses a differential pair for data signals and for clocking signals, with both being present in each direction i. The large message digest provides security against brute-force collision and inversion attacks. The term is also a verb: "to shmoo" is to run the test Support High Speed: Refers to whether High Speed mode is supported for a given device SDIO specification Service ID: A number that defines at the MAC sublayer a particular mapping between a cable modem CM and the cable modem termination system CMTS. The SID is used for the purpose of upstream bandwidth allocation and class-of-service management Single In-line Memory Module: Used on MACs and PCs. A form of circuit board that holds a number of silicon chips Modulation whereby the spectrum of the modulating function is translated in frequency by a specified amount either with or without inversion The method of operation in which one sideband is transmitted and the other sideband is suppressed. The carrier wave may be either transmitted or suppressed Session Initiation Protocol: A protocol developed by the IETF MMUSIC Working Group as an alternative to H SIP features are compliant with IETF RFCpublished in March SIP equips platforms to signal the setup of voice and multimedia calls over IP networks. Serial Interface Processor SMDS Interface Protocol: Used in communications between CPE and SMDS network equipment, this protocol allows the CPE to use SMDS service for high-speed WAN internetworking. Based on the IEEE DQDB standard. Single Inline Package: A type of silicon chip in which all of the pins are lined up in a row A computer which is controlled by another computer the masteror a peripheral device controlled by a computer Subscriber Line Interface Card: The circuitry that performs some or all of the network interface functions at a central office. Manages LCS client requests, and interacts with the handset to obtain its location This is a music data format specified by Yamaha for portable electronic devices, such as cell phones and PDAs. A hard drive feature that warns of problems before total failure A digitally encoded card, similar to a credit card, usually containing a variety of information about the individual s authorized to use it. Note: The information can be accessed by a card reader options which the card is inserted. The information may include access codes for opening doorsaccount numbers merchant account numbers as well as banking account numbersand electronic cash which is withdrawn from the card as a purchase is made Typically, this refers to a mobile phone that includes PDA functionality and allows for the installation of additional applications Switched Multimegabit Data Service: High-speed, packet-switched, gso WAN networking technology offered by the telephone companies Structure of Management Information: Document RFC specifying rules used to define managed objects in the MIB. It manages the overall coordination and scheduling of resources to perform positioning of a mobile phone Systems Management Server Short Message Service: Allows the transmission of messages up to alphanumeric characters to be sent to or from a GSM device. Also referred to as text messaging. SNMP provides a means to monitor and control network devices, and to manage options, statistics collection, performance, and security. See SGMP and SNMP SNMP Version 2. Version 2 of the popular network management protocol. SNMP2 supports centralized as well as distributed network management strategies, and includes improvements in the SMI, protocol operations, management architecture, and security Signal-to-Noise Ratio: The ratio of usable signal being transmitted to the undesired signal noise. It is a measure of transmission quality. The audio interface can be a microphone and speakers plugged into the sound card, although a headset is preferred. For better clarity, a USB phone or Bluetooth phone can be used The controlled shutdown and restart of a PDA or other device by means of using a mechanism supplied by the operating system or software that runs the device A programmable network switch that can process the signaling for all types of packet protocols Synchronous Optical Network: A standard for connecting fiber-optic transmission systems The protocol also known as STP that MAC Bridges use in exchanging information across local area networks, to compute the active topology of a bridged local area network in accordance with the spanning tree algorithm. This interface separates the synchronous PHY layer trading the asynchronous packet-based processing performed by the higher layers. As such, the SPI supports transmit and receive data transfers at clock rates independent of the actual line bit rate. It is designed for the efficient transfer of both variable-sized packet and fixed-sized cell data. Service Provider Interface Security Parameter Index: A number that uniquely identifies a particular security association. SRAM does not require constant refreshing, like DRAM Service Trading Convergence Sublayer: One of the two sublayers of any AAL. SSCS, which is service gso, offers assured data transmission Secure Shell: Developed by SSH Communications Security Ltd. All devices must use this same, case-sensitive name to communicate Secure Sockets Layer: Encryption technology for the Web used to provide secure transactions, such as the transmission of credit card numbers for e-commerce Stub Series Terminated Logic: A high-speed, low-power interface standard that solves the bandwidth problems while servicing a wide range of applications A band of frequencies that pass through a filter with a substantial amount of loss relative to other frequency bands A collection of packets, which exist at any one point in time to establish, maintain, and provide a reliable data connection between two endpoints Multimedia content, such as video, audio, text, or animation that is displayed by a user as it is received from the Internet, broadcast network, or local storage A one-way video transmission over a data network that is viewed as it delivered A stripline circuit uses a flat strip of metal which is sandwiched between two parallel ground planes, The insulating material of the substrate forms a dielectric. The width of the strip, the thickness of the substrate and the relative permittivity of the substrate determine the characteristic impedance of the strip which is a transmission line Simple Traversal of UDP Through NATs: A protocol that allows applications to discover the presence and types of Network Address Translators A part of a cache line that can be transferred to or from the cache and memory in one transaction. This is applicable in the cases where the complete line cannot be transferred in one transaction. Each sub-block requires a valid bit A 32-bit address mask used in IP to indicate the bits of an IP address that are being used for the subnet address A command used in trading UNIX and UNIX-like operating systems that allows users to run programs with the security privileges of another user. It is an abbreviation for "substitute user do" Secure User Plane Location: Standards for using U-plane architecture to implement LCS infrastructure Switched Virtual Circuit: A circuit that is established on an as-needed basis to interconnect any two end-users attached to a network. See PVC An electronic device that directs the flow of electrical or optical signals from one side to the other. Switches with more than two ports, such as a LAN switch or PBX, are able to route traffic A plunger or switch where a telephone handset sits when the telephone is on hook, or hung up; when the handset is lifted, the switch hook goes up and the telephone is off hook. See TCP and IP Temperature Compensated Crystal Oscillator: Provides accurate frequency reference in mobile wireless devices Time Division Multiplexing: A technique in which information from multiple channels can be allocated bandwidth on a single wire based on preassigned time slots. The channels take turns to use the link. Commonly referred two as second generation 2G wireless technology, it used by the GSM cellular system. IS136 is the TDMA standard first established in the USA. Because of communication and protocol overhead, throughput is generally less than the data rate time line: description of events during a particular historical period. It is designated internationally as black, but in the USA it often is designated green. Its counterpart is the ring the more negative side, 52-Vwhich is designated red internationally and in the USA. When tip and ring are terminated on a connecting block, tip usually goes on top left and ring usually goes on the bottom right Transition Minimized Differential Signaling: A method for sending data to a monitor in which data is conveyed by transitioning between on and off states. Transitions are minimized by applying an advanced encoding algorithm that uses Boolean exclusive OR XOR or exclusive NOR XNOR operations Time of Arrival: Network-based positioning method that measures the time it takes for radio signals to arrive at multiple points A formal definition of a rate of transfer; a token bucket has three components; a burst size, a mean rate, and a time interval Tc. A token bucket is used to manage a device that regulates the transfer of a flow Part of the IEEE standard, it is a method for providing access to local area networks LANs A technology that combines two telephone lines into a single channel, effectively doubling the data transfer speeds. At least two modems and two telephone lines are required to take advantage of channel bonding The shape of the arrangement of network components and the interconnections between them. Common network topologies include linear bus, multiple bus, a circular ring, and a star Transmit-receive Switch: An RF switch which automatically decouples the receiver from the antenna during the transmitting period Committee that operates under the guidelines of the Telecommunications Industry Association. TR-45 deals specifically with issues relating to performance, compatibility, inter-operability and service standards for mobile and personal communications systems Layer 4 of the OSI reference model; this layer is responsible for reliable network communication between end nodes Message sent by an SNMP agent to an network management system NMSa console, or a terminal to indicate the occurrence of a significant event, such as specifically defined condition or a threshold that was reached. TSO is also referred to as "large segment offload," or LSO Time To First Fix: The time required for the A-GPS receiver to perform its first location fix. For mobile navigation, it usually refers to the starting position fix Any device or apparatus used for selecting and controlling the operating frequency of a circuit or equipment, such as the channel selector in a television receiver A suffix meaning "an ordered set of items," as in n-tuple. In a relational data model, a set of values of related attributes. Often thought of as a row of values in the table. A representation of an intermediate language in the compilation process in which operations are represented by an ordered sequence of tuples, each tuple specifying the operation and the operands Pertaining to a hardware or software system delivered in a complete, operational state Commonly used for Gigabit Ethernet, twisted pair refers to the cabling method of winding two conductors around each other in order to cancel out electromagnetic interference or crosstalk from other wiring The radix complement of a binary numeral, which may be formed by subtracting each digit from 1, then adding 1 to the least significant digit and executing any required carries. Data rates offered will be up to 2 million bits per second Uniform Interface to Computing Resources is a Grid computing technology that provides seamless, secure, and intuitive access to distributed Grid resources such as supercomputers or cluster systems and information stored in databases. UNICORE was developed in two projects funded by the German ministry for education and research BMBF A radio frequency upconverter is a device that takes an input of radio frequency energy of a specific frequency range and outputs it on a higher frequency. Maintained by the Naval Observatory. UTOPIA is the interface for devices connecting to an ATM network Unshielded Twisted Pair: A twisted pair medium consisting of only a pair of conductors exposed to outside electrical interferences and noise. Unshielded Twisted-pair Cable: An electrically conducting cable, comprising one or more pairs, none of which is shielded. VBOs offer substantial performance gains over immediate mode rendering primarily because the data resides in the video device memory rather than the system memory. Therefore, it can be rendered directly by the video device Variable Bit Rate: QoS class defined by the ATM Forum for ATM networks. VBR is subdivided into a gso RT class and non-real time NRT class. VBR RT is used for connections in which there is a fixed timing relationship between samples. VBR NRT is used for connections in which there is no fixed timing relationship between samples but that still need a guaranteed QoS Virtual Channel Identifier bit field in the header of an ATM cell. The VCI, together with the VPI, identifies the next destination of a cell as it passes through a series of ATM switches on its way to its destination Voltage-controlled Oscillator: An oscillator with frequency output proportional to a control voltage. This component is commonly used in cellular handsets. VDSL can supply downstream rates as high as Mbps at twisted pair lengths of 1,000 feet; Mbps at distances of 3,000 feet, and Mbps at 4,500 feet central office to residence, in all cases. Upstream rates range from Mbps to Mbps, again depending on distance Very-high-data-rate Digital Subscriber Line 2: The latest and most advanced standard of DSL broadband communications. The -X suffix indicates support for the OpenMAX IL binary API An early type of voice coding device composed of a speech analyzer and a speech synthesizer that was used to reduce the bandwidth requirement of speech signals Video-on-Demand: The umbrella category for television programs and movies that can be retrieved at any time from a remotely located server, via a digital cable box. VOD has been referred to as digital pay-per-view Vector Orthogonal FDM: A radio frequency RF technology developed to establish an open broadband fixed wireless standard fro enabling reliable communication where line of sight connections are not practical A voice frequency VF or voiceband is one of the frequencies, within part of the audio range, that is used for the transmission of speech Voice over Internet Protocol: Unlike traditional telephones, voice conversations are routed over the internet using packet-switching instead of traditional circuit-switched transmission lines Unit of electric potential difference and electromotive force. It prevents information from being intercepted and guarantees that only authorized users can access the network. A VPN uses tunneling to encrypt all information at the IP level. Virtual Page Number memory architecture Video RAM: A special type of RAM used to hold and transfer an image onto a display device Voltage Standing-wave Ratio: The ratio of the magnitude of the transverse electric field in a plane of maximum strength to the magnitude at the equivalent point in an adjacent plane of minimum field strength. See waveguide Watt: The unit of power in the SI, the power required do work at the rate of one joule per second Wide Area Network: Data communications network that serves users across a broad geographic area and often uses transmission devices provided by common carriers Wireless Access Point: Any device that connects other wireless devices to create a wireless network A reset triggered by software after allowing sufficient time to shut down blocks of the device A hardware or software mechanism used to trigger an event or an escape from a process unless the timer is periodically reset A device that controls the propagation of an electromagnetic wave so that the wave is forced to follow a path defined by the physical structure of the guide Mathematical functions that cut up data into different frequency components, and then study each component with a resolution matched to its scale. They have advantages over traditional Fourier methods in analyzing physical situations where the signal contains discontinuities and sharp spikes. Wavelets were developed independently in the fields of mathematics, quantum physics, electrical engineering, and seismic geology. Interchanges between these fields during recent years have led to many new wavelet applications such as image compression, turbulence, human vision, radar, and earthquake prediction Wideband Code Division Multiple Access: A wideband spread-spectrum 3G mobile telecommunication air interface that utilizes code division multiple access or CDMA the general multiplexing scheme, not options be confused with CDMA the standardis a 3G mobile communications standard allied with the GSM standard. W-CDMA is the technology behind UMTS also known as 3GSM. Networks using WCDMA are a form of cellular network Second-generation Web development and Web design, characterized by facilitating communication, information sharing, interoperability, and collaboration of Web-based communities, hosted services, and Web applications. Examples include social-networking sites, video-sharing sites, wikis, and blogs An application framework that provides a foundation upon which to build a Web browser A dual-mode Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution EDGE and Wideband Code Division Multiple Access WCDMA global wireless standard for high-speed cellular data The best-effort connection scheduling and most simply emulation of generalized processor sharing GPS discipline. See Bridge World Geodetic System The mathematical ellipsoid used by GPS since January, Any single character or series of characters that represents horizontal or vertical space in typography. Unused frequencies in the radio waves portion of the electromagnetic spectrum Windows Hardware Quality Labs: A Windows Logo Program for Hardware to help customers identify systems and peripherals that meet a baseline definition of platform features and quality goals that provide a good Windows experience for the end user A short-range system multiple yardsdeveloped by the Wi-Fi Alliance to describe WLAN products that are based on the IEEE standards. See Wi-Fi CERTIFIED A nonprofit organization that certifies the interoperability of IEEE wireless LAN products. Products bearing the Wi-Fi CERTIFIED logo have been proven to work with Wi-Fi products from other vendors. The Alliance also makes sure that certain security and performance features are interoperable, to improve the Wi-Fi user experience The certification standard designating IEEE based WLAN products that have passed interoperability testing requirements developed and governed by the Wi-Fi Alliance Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access: A long-range system multiple mileswireless metropolitan area network MAN technology under the IEEE standards, that can connect Wi-Fi hot spots to the Internet and provide a wireless extension to cable and DSL for last mile broadband access The use of radio signals to connect a collection of computers together to form a network Wireless routers provide the same functionality as access points, but include the added features of allowing multiple users to share a wide area connection to a broadband modem thus providing multiple IP addresses, firewall capabilities, and hub and switching functionality Wi-Fi Multimedia: A group of features that improves the user experience for audio, video and voice applications on wireless networks. Based on the IEEE e draft standard, WMM adds prioritization capabilities to Wi-Fi networks and optimizes their performance when multiple concurrent applications, each with different latency and throughput requirements, compete for network resources. See QoS A Wi-Fi Multimedia WMM program designed to extend battery life for mobile devices through improved signaling capabilities and the opportunity to fine-tune power consumption Wake-on-LAN: A computer network standard which allows a "sleeping" computer to be brought up to full power remotely, over a network. It is an Intel Wired for Management System product. It was developed as part of the IBM and Intel Advanced Manageability Alliance. Note hypenation An information space in which the items of interest are formatted in a markup language called HTML and are identified by global identifiers called Uniform Resource Identifiers URLs Wi-Fi Protected Access: Security improvement for Wi-Fi that replaces the weaker WEP Wi-Fi Protected Access 2: Also known as IEEE i, a security method that provides even greater data protection and network access control for wireless networks. Transmission distances vary from meters to 80 kilometers for fiber and up to 15 meters on CX4 cable. XENPAKs using the 10GBASE-LX4 standard operate using multiple wavelengths on legacy multimode fibers at distances of up to meters, eliminating the need to reinstall cable in a building when upgrading certain 1 Gbps circuits to 10 Gbps Extensible Hypertext Markup Language: An HTML system for tagging text files to achieve font, color, graphic, and hyperlink effects on World Wide Web pages, incorporating user-defined elements Xerox Network Systems: A protocol suite originally designed by the Palo Alto Research Center PARC Boolean binary operator typically used for comparing the status of two variables or signals Refers to a model that defines a color space in terms of one luminance and two chrominance components.
Binary Options Trading System 2016 - Best Automated Trading Software 2016
Binary Options Trading System 2016 - Best Automated Trading Software 2016
Welfare agencies opened up and religious missions tried to offer as much support as possible to the homeless masses.
Instead, education and job training should replace the former.
In his day job, at a company that makes industrial switches and sensors, he supervises thirty employees.
A pack of commie traitors is going to know anything about Iraq.
Values are what motivate a person to work hard personally and professionally.