The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east and across the Bering Strait from Russia to the west. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid- Pacific Ocean. Nine time zones are covered.

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The geographyclimate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, and is home to the world's largest immigrant population. Paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15, years ago.

The United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies following the Seven Years' War led to the American Revolutionwhich began in On July 4,during the course of the American Revolutionary Warthe colonies unanimously adopted the Declaration of Independence. The war ended in with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britainrepresenting the first successful war of independence against a European power.

The first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rightswere ratified in and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century, [28] displacing Native American tribesacquiring new territoriesand gradually admitting new states until it spanned the continent by The United States emerged from World War II as a global superpowerthe first country to develop nuclear weaponsthe only country to use them in warfare, and a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council.

The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in left the United States as the world's sole superpower. The United States is a highly developed countrywith the world's largest economy by nominal GDP and second-largest economy by PPP. Though its population is only 4.

The United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. Joseph ReedMoylan expressed his wish to carry the "full and ample powers of the United States of America" to Spain to assist in the revolutionary war effort. The first known publication of the phrase "United States of America" was in an anonymous essay in The Virginia Gazette newspaper in Williamsburg, Virginia, on April 6, The short form "United States" is also standard.

Other common forms are the "U. Colloquial names are the "U. In addition, an abbreviation e. USA is sometimes used. The phrase "United States" was originally plural, a description of a collection of independent states—e. The singular form is now standard; the plural form is retained in the idiom "these United States". A citizen of the United States is an " American ". In English, the word " American " rarely refers to topics or subjects not connected with the United States.

The first inhabitants of North America migrated from Siberia by way of the Bering land bridge and arrived at least 15, years ago, though increasing evidence suggests an even earlier arrival. The native population declined for various reasons, primarily from diseases such as smallpox and measles. Violence was not a significant factor in the overall decline among Native Americansthough conflict among themselves and with Europeans affected specific tribes and various colonial settlements.

Europeans under the British explorer Captain James Cook arrived in the Hawaiian Islands in In the early days of colonization, many European settlers were subject to food shortages, disease, and attacks from Native Americans. Native Americans were also often at war with neighboring tribes and allied with Europeans in their colonial wars. At the same time, however, many natives and settlers came to depend on each other.

Settlers traded for food and animal pelts, natives for guns, ammunition and other European wares. European missionaries and others felt it was important to "civilize" the Native Americans and urged them to adopt European agricultural techniques and lifestyles. After Spain sent Columbus on his first voyage to the New World inother explorers followed. The Spanish set up small settlements in New Mexico and Florida.

France had several small settlements along the Mississippi River. Successful English settlement on the eastern coast of North America began with the Virginia Colony in at Jamestown and the Pilgrims' Plymouth Colony in Early experiments in communal living failed until the introduction of private farm holdings. The continent's first elected legislative assembly, Virginia's House of Burgesses created inthe Mayflower Compactsigned by the Pilgrims before disembarking, and the Fundamental Orders of Connecticutestablished precedents for the pattern of representative self-government and constitutionalism that would develop throughout the American colonies.

Most settlers in every colony were small farmers, but other industries developed within a few decades as varied as the settlements. Cash crops included tobacco, rice and wheat. Extraction industries grew up in furs, fishing and lumber. Manufacturers produced rum and ships, and by the late colonial period Americans were producing one-seventh of the world's iron supply. English colonists were supplemented by waves of Scotch-Irish and other groups.

As coastal land grew more expensive freed indentured servants pushed further west.

Slave cultivation of cash crops began with the Spanish in the s, and was adopted by the English, but life expectancy was much higher in North America because of less disease and better food and treatment, leading to a rapid increase in the numbers of slaves.

With the British colonization of Georgia inthe 13 colonies that would become the United States of America were established. Relatively small Native American populations were eclipsed. During the Seven Years' War in America, known as the French and Indian WarBritish forces seized Canada from the French, but the francophone population remained politically isolated from the southern colonies. Excluding the Native Americanswho were being conquered and displaced, the 13 British colonies had a population of over 2.

Despite continuing new arrivals, the rate of natural increase was such that by the s only a small minority of Americans had been born overseas. The American Revolutionary War was the first successful colonial war of independence against a European power. Americans had developed an ideology of " republicanism " asserting that government rested on the will of the people as expressed in their local legislatures.

They demanded their rights as Englishmen and "no taxation without representation". The British insisted on administering the empire through Parliament, and the conflict escalated into war.

Following the passage of the Lee Resolutionon July 2,which was the actual vote for independence, the Second Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence on July 4, which proclaimed, in a long preamble, that humanity is created equal in their unalienable rights and that those rights were not being protected by Great Britain, and declared, in the words of the resolution, that the Thirteen Colonies were independent states and had no allegiance to the British crown in the United States.

The fourth day of July is celebrated annually as Independence Day. Inthe Articles of Confederation established a weak government that operated until Britain recognized the independence of the United States following their defeat at Yorktown in Nationalists led the Philadelphia Convention of in writing the United States Constitutionratified in state conventions in The federal government was reorganized into three branches, on the principle of creating salutary checks and balances, in George Washington, who had led the revolutionary army to victory, was the first president elected under the new constitution.

The Bill of Rightsforbidding federal restriction of personal freedoms and guaranteeing a range of legal protections, was adopted in Although the federal government criminalized the international slave trade inaftercultivation of the highly profitable cotton crop exploded in the Deep Southand along with it, the slave population. In the North, it energized multiple social reform movements, including abolitionism ; [92] in the South, Methodists and Baptists proselytized among slave populations.

Americans' eagerness to expand westward prompted a long series of American Indian Wars. From toJacksonian democracy began a set of reforms which included wider white male suffrage; it led to the rise of the Second Party System of Democrats and Whigs as the dominant parties from to The Trail of Tears in the s exemplified the Indian removal policy that resettled Indians into the west on Indian reservations.

The California Gold Rush of —49 spurred western migration and the creation of additional western states. Differences of opinion and social order between northern and southern states in early United States society, particularly regarding Black slaveryultimately led to the American Civil War. But with additional western territory and more free-soil states, tensions between slave and free states mounted with arguments over federalism and disposition of the territories, whether and how to expand or restrict slavery.

With the election of Abraham Lincolnthe first president from the largely anti-slavery Republican Partyconventions in thirteen slave states ultimately declared secession and formed the Confederate States of Americawhile the federal government maintained that secession was illegal. The war remains the deadliest military conflict in American history, resulting in the deaths of approximatelysoldiers as well as many civilians.

Following the Union victory inthree amendments were added to the U. The war and its resolution led to a substantial increase in federal power [] aimed at reintegrating and rebuilding the Southern states while ensuring the rights of the newly freed slaves. Southern white conservatives, calling themselves "Redeemers" took control after the end of Reconstruction.

By the — period Jim Crow laws disenfranchised most blacks and some poor whites. Blacks faced racial segregationespecially in the South. In the North, urbanization and an unprecedented influx of immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe supplied a surplus of labor for the country's industrialization and transformed its culture.

The later invention of electric light and the telephone would also affect communication and urban life. The end of the Indian Wars further expanded acreage under mechanical cultivation, increasing surpluses for international markets. Puerto RicoGuamand the Philippines were ceded by Spain in the same year, following the Spanish—American War.

Rapid economic development during the late 19th and early 20th centuries fostered the rise of many prominent industrialists. Tycoons like Cornelius VanderbiltJohn D. Rockefellerand Andrew Carnegie led the nation's progress in railroadpetroleumand steel industries. Banking became a major part of the economy, with J.

Morgan playing a notable role. Edison and Tesla undertook the widespread distribution of electricity to industry, homes, and for street lighting. Henry Ford revolutionized the automotive industry. The American economy boomed, becoming the world's largest, and the United States achieved great power status. The United States remained neutral from the outbreak of World War Iinuntil when it joined the war as an "associated power", alongside the formal Allies of World War Ihelping to turn the tide against the Central Powers.

InPresident Woodrow Wilson took a leading diplomatic role at the Paris Peace Conference and advocated strongly for the U. However, the Senate refused to approve this, and did not ratify the Treaty of Versailles that established the League of Nations. Inthe women's rights movement won passage of a constitutional amendment granting women's suffrage. After his election as president inFranklin D. Roosevelt responded with the New Dealwhich included the establishment of the Social Security system.

At first effectively neutral during World War II while Germany conquered much of continental Europe, the United States began supplying material to the Allies in March through the Lend-Lease program. On December 7,the Empire of Japan launched a surprise attack on Pearl Harborprompting the United States to join the Allies against the Axis powers. The United States played a leading role in the Bretton Woods and Yalta conferences with the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and other Allies, which signed agreements on new international financial institutions and Europe's postwar reorganization.

As an Allied victory was won in Europea international conference held in San Francisco produced the United Nations Charterwhich became active after the war. After World War II the United States and the Soviet Union jockeyed for power during what became known as the Cold Wardriven by an ideological divide between capitalism and communism [] and, according to the school of geopoliticsa divide between the maritime Atlantic and the continental Eurasian camps.

They dominated the military affairs of Europewith the U. The United States often opposed Third World movements that it viewed as Soviet-sponsored. American troops fought communist Chinese and North Korean forces in the Korean War of — At home, the U. Construction of an Interstate Highway System transformed the nation's infrastructure over the following decades. Millions moved from farms and inner cities to large suburban housing developments.

A combination of court decisions and legislation, culminating in the Civil Rights Act ofsought to end racial discrimination. The launch of a " War on Poverty " expanded entitlements and welfare spending, including the creation of Medicare and Medicaidtwo programs that provide health coverage to the elderly and poor, respectively, and the means-tested Food Stamp Program and Aid to Families with Dependent Children.

The s and early s saw the onset of stagflation. After his election inPresident Ronald Reagan responded to economic stagnation with free-market oriented reforms. The late s brought a " thaw " in relations with the USSR, and its collapse in finally ended the Cold War.

The concept of Pax Americanawhich had appeared in the post-World War II period, gained wide popularity as a term for the post-Cold War new world order. After the Cold War, the conflict in the Middle East triggered a crisis inwhen Iraq under Sadaam Hussein invaded and attempted to annex Kuwaitan ally of the United States. Fearing that the instability would spread to other regions, President George H. Bush launched Operation Desert Shielda defensive force buildup in Saudi Arabia, and Operation Desert Stormin a staging titled the Gulf War; waged by coalition forces from 34 nations, led by the United States against Iraq ending in the successful expulsion of Iraqi forces from Kuwait, restoring the former monarchy.

Due to the dot-com boomstable monetary policy under Alan Greenspanand reduced social welfare spendingthe s saw the longest economic expansion in modern U. The goal of the agreement was to eliminate trade and investment barriers among the U. Trade among the three partners has soared since NAFTA went into force. On September 11,Al-Qaeda terrorists struck the World Trade Center in New York City and the Pentagon near Washington, D.

Government policy designed to promote affordable housing, [] widespread failures in corporate and regulatory governance, [] and historically low interest rates set by the Federal Reserve [] led to the mids housing bubblewhich culminated with the financial crisisthe largest economic contraction in the nation's history since the Great Depression.

While the stimulus facilitated infrastructure improvements [] and a relative decline in unemployment, [] Dodd-Frank has had a negative impact on business investment and small banks. Inthe Obama administration passed the Affordable Care Actwhich made the most sweeping reforms to the nation's healthcare system in nearly five decades, including mandatessubsidies and insurance exchanges. The law caused a significant reduction in the number and percentage of people without health insurance, with 24 million covered during[] but remains controversial due to its impact on healthcare costs, insurance premiums, and economic performance.

The Republicans, who stood in opposition to Obama's policies, won control of the House of Representatives with a landslide in and control of the Senate in American forces in Iraq were withdrawn in large numbers in andand the war in the region was declared formally over in December The land area of the contiguous United States is 2, square miles 7, Alaska, separated from the contiguous United States by Canada, is the largest state atsquare miles 1, The populated territories of Puerto RicoAmerican SamoaGuamNorthern Mariana Islandsand U.

The United States is the world's third- or fourth- largest nation by total area land and waterranking behind Russia and Canada and just above or below China. The ranking varies depending on how two territories disputed by China and India are counted and how the total size of the United States is measured: The coastal plain of the Atlantic seaboard gives way further inland to deciduous forests and the rolling hills of the Piedmont.

United States - Wikipedia

The flat, fertile prairie of the Great Plains stretches to the west, interrupted by a highland region in the southeast. The supervolcano underlying Yellowstone National Park in the Rockies is the continent's largest volcanic feature.

The United States, with its large size and geographic variety, includes most climate types. To the east of the th meridianthe climate ranges from humid continental in the north to humid subtropical in the south. Much of the Western mountains have an alpine climate. The climate is arid in the Great Basin, desert in the Southwest, Mediterranean in coastal Californiaand oceanic in coastal Oregon and Washington and southern Alaska.

Most of Alaska is subarctic or polar. Hawaii and the southern tip of Florida are tropical, as are the populated territories in the Caribbean and the Pacific. There are 58 national parks and hundreds of other federally managed parks, forests, and wilderness areas. Environmental issues have been on the national agenda since Environmental controversies include debates on oil and nuclear energydealing with air and water pollution, the economic costs of protecting wildlife, logging and deforestation[] [] and international responses to global warming.

The most prominent is the Environmental Protection Agency EPAcreated by presidential order in Census Bureau estimated the country's population to be , as of April 25,and to be adding 1 person net gain every 13 seconds, or about 6, people per day. Foreign born immigration has caused the US population to continue its rapid increase with the foreign born population doubling from almost 20 million in to over 40 million inrepresenting one third of the population increase. The United States has a birth rate of 13 per 1, which is 5 births below the world average.

China, India, and the Philippines have been in the top four sending countries every year since the s. The percentage of immigrants who are Asian is increasing while the percentage who are Hispanic is decreasing.

According to a survey conducted by the Williams Institute, nine million Americans, or roughly 3. Inthe U. The population growth of Hispanic and Latino Americans the terms are officially interchangeable is a major demographic trend.

Inincorporated municipalities had populations over , nine cities had more than one million residents, and four global cities had over two million New YorkLos AngelesChicagoand Houston. English American English is the de facto national language. Although there is no official language at the federal level, some laws—such as U. Both Hawaiian and English are official languages in Hawaiiby state law. Several insular territories grant official recognition to their native languages, along with English: Samoan [] and Chamorro [] are recognized by American Samoa and Guamrespectively; Carolinian and Chamorro are recognized by the Northern Mariana Islands ; [] Cherokee is officially recognized by the Cherokee Nation within the Cherokee tribal jurisdiction area in eastern Oklahoma; [] Spanish is an official language of Puerto Rico and is more widely spoken than English there.

According to the Center for Immigration StudiesArabic and Urdu are the fastest-growing foreign languages spoken in American households. The most widely taught foreign languages in the United States, in terms of enrollment numbers from kindergarten through university undergraduate studies, are: Other commonly taught languages withtolearners include LatinJapaneseAmerican Sign LanguageItalianand Chinese.

The First Amendment of the U. Constitution guarantees the free exercise of religion and forbids Congress from passing laws respecting its establishment. Christianity is by far the most common religion practiced in the U.

As with other Western countries, the U. Irreligion is growing rapidly among Americans under According to a survey, Protestantism is the largest Christian religious grouping in the United States. Baptists collectively form the largest branch of Protestantism, and the Southern Baptist Convention is the largest individual Protestant denomination.

Roman Catholicism in the United States has its origin in the Spanish and French colonization of the Americas, and later grew because of Irish, Italian, Polish, German and Hispanic immigration. Rhode Island has the highest percentage of Catholics with 40 percent of the total population.

North and South Dakota are the only states in which a plurality of the population is Lutheran. Presbyterianism was introduced in North America by Scottish and Ulster Scots immigrants. Although it has spread across the United States, it is heavily concentrated on the East Coast. Dutch Reformed congregations were founded first in New Amsterdam New York City before spreading westward.

Utah is the only state where Mormonism is the religion of the majority of the population. The Mormon Corridor also extends to parts of IdahoNevada and Wyoming. The Bible Belt is an informal term for a region in the Southern United States in which socially conservative Evangelical Protestantism is a significant part of the culture and Christian church attendance across the denominations is generally higher than the nation's average.

By contrast, religion plays the least important role in New England and in the Western United States. Wadea landmark decision by the Supreme Court of the United States. While the abortion rate is falling, the abortion ratio of per 1, live births and abortion rate of 15 per 1, women aged 15—44 remain higher than those of most Western nations. The total fertility rate TFR was estimated for at 1.

Polygamy is illegal throughout the U. The United States is the world's oldest surviving federation. It is a constitutional republic and representative democracy"in which majority rule is tempered by minority rights protected by law ".

Constitution, which serves as the twtr stock market watch list supreme legal document. In the American federalist systemcitizens are usually subject to three levels of government: The local government 's duties are commonly split between county and municipal governments. In almost all cases, executive and legislative officials b2b forex expo elected by a plurality vote of citizens by district.

There is no proportional representation at the federal level, and it is rare at lower levels. The House of Representatives has voting members, each representing a congressional district for a two-year term. House seats are apportioned among the states by population every tenth year. At the censusseven states had the minimum of one representative, while California, the most populous state, had The Senate has members with each state having two senators, elected at-large to six-year terms; one third of Senate seats are up for election every other year.

The President serves a four-year term and may be elected to the office no more than twice. The President is not elected by direct votebut by an indirect electoral college system in which the determining votes are apportioned to the states and the District of Columbia.

The state governments are structured in futures contracts exchange traded similar fashion; Nebraska uniquely has a unicameral legislature. Some state judges and cabinet officers are appointed by the governors of the respective states, while others are elected by popular vote.

The original text of the Constitution establishes the structure and responsibilities of the federal government and its relationship with the individual states. Article One protects the right to the "great writ" of habeas corpus. The Constitution has been amended 27 times; [] the first ten amendments, which make up the Bill of Rightsand the Fourteenth Amendment form the central basis of Americans' individual rights. All laws and governmental procedures are subject to judicial review and any law ruled by the courts to be in violation of the Constitution is voided.

The principle of judicial review, not explicitly mentioned in the Constitution, was established by the Supreme Court in Marbury v. Madison [] in a decision handed down by Chief Justice John Marshall. The United States is a federal republic of 50 states, how much does a cashier make at sears federal district, five territories and eleven uninhabited island possessions.

These are divided into subdivisions of counties and independent cities. The District of Columbia is a federal district which contains the capital of the United States, Washington DC.

Each state has presidential electors equal to the number of their Representatives and Senators in Congress; the District of Columbia has three. Congressional Districts are reapportioned among the states following each decennial Census of Population. Each state then draws single member districts to conform with the census apportionment. The total number of Representatives isand delegate Members of Congress represent the District of Columbia and the five major U.

The United States also observes tribal sovereignty of the American Indian nations to how much money does an oceanographer make a year limited degree, as it does with the states' sovereignty. American Indians are U. Congress and the federal courts. Like the states they have a great deal of autonomy, but also like the states tribes are not allowed to make war, engage in their own foreign relations, or print and issue currency.

The United States has operated under a two-party system for most of its history. Since the general election ofthe major parties have been the Recommendations for binary options trading Partyfounded inand the Republican Partyfounded in The President and Vice-president are elected through the Electoral College system.

Within American political culturethe center-right Republican Party is considered " conservative " and the center-left Democratic Party is considered " liberal ".

The " red states " of the South and parts of the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains are relatively conservative. Republican Donald Trump masters golf prize money snooker 2016, the winner of the presidential electionis currently serving as the 45th President of the United States.

In the th United States Congressboth the House of Representatives and the Senate are controlled by the Republican Party. The Senate currently consists of 52 Republicans, and 46 Democrats with 2 Independents who caucus with the Democrats; the House consists of Republicans and Democrats. The United States has an established structure of foreign relations. It is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Counciland New York City is home to the United Nations Headquarters.

It is a member of the G7[] G20and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Almost all countries have embassies in Washington, D. Likewise, nearly all nations host American diplomatic missions. However, IranNorth KoreaBhutanand the Republic of China Taiwan do not have formal diplomatic relations with the United States although the U.

The United States has a " Special Relationship " with the United Kingdom [] and strong ties with Canada[] Australia[] New Zealand[] the Philippines[] Japan[] South Korea[] Israel[] and several European Union countries, including FranceItalyGermanyand Spain.

It works closely with fellow NATO members on military and security issues and with its neighbors through the Organization of American States and free trade agreements such as the trilateral North American Free Trade Agreement with Canada and Mexico. As a share of America's large gross national income GNIhowever, the U. By contrast, private overseas giving by Americans is relatively generous. These are Pacific island nations, once part of the U. Taxes in the United States are levied at the federal, state and local government level.

These include taxes on income, payroll, property, sales, imports, estates and gifts, as well as various fees. In taxes collected by federal, state and municipal governments amounted to Major categories of FY spending included: The President holds the title of commander-in-chief of the nation's armed forces and appoints its leaders, the Secretary of Defense and the Joint Chiefs of Staff.

The United States Department of Defense administers the armed forces, including the ArmyMarine CorpsNavyand Air Force. The Coast Guard is run by the Department of Homeland Security in peacetime and by the Department of the Navy during times of war. Inthe armed forces had 1. The Reserves and National Guard brought the total number of troops to 2.

The Department of Defense also employed aboutcivilians, not including contractors. Military service is voluntary, though conscription may occur in wartime through the Selective Service System. The military operates bases and facilities abroad, [] and maintains deployments greater than active duty personnel in 25 foreign countries. Airline money makers crossword enforcement in the United States is primarily the responsibility of local police and sheriff 's departments, with state police providing broader services.

The New York City Police Department NYPD is the largest in the country. Roth ira trading futures agencies such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation FBI and the U. Marshals Service have specialized duties, including protecting civil rightsnational security and enforcing U. State courts conduct most criminal trials; federal courts handle certain designated crimes as well as certain appeals from the state criminal courts.

Plea bargaining in the United States is very common; the vast majority of criminal cases in the country are settled by plea bargain rather than jury trial. Inthere were 15, murders which was 1, more than ina Capital punishment is sanctioned in the United States for certain federal and military crimes, and used in 31 states. Supreme Court ruling striking down arbitrary imposition of the death penalty.

Inthat Court ruled that, under appropriate circumstances, capital punishment may constitutionally be imposed. Since the decision there have been more than 1, executions, a majority of these taking place in three states: Texas, Virginia, and Oklahoma. Inthe country had the fifth-highest number of executions in the world, following China, IranPakistan and Saudi Arabia. The United States has the highest documented incarceration rate and total prison population in the world.

About 1 in every 35 adult residents in the United States was under some form of correctional supervision in Decemberthe lowest rate observed since The United States has a capitalist mixed economy [] which is fueled by abundant natural resources and high productivity. The United States is the largest importer of goods and second-largest exporterthough exports per capita are relatively low.

Inthe total U. Inthe private sector was estimated to constitute Coca-Cola is the most recognized soft drink company in the world. Chemical products are the leading manufacturing field. The National Mining Association provides data pertaining to coal and minerals that include berylliumcopperleadmagnesiumzinctitanium and others. In addition, the United States Department of Agriculture USDA provides livestock statistics regarding beefpoultryporkand dairy products.

The country is the primary developer and grower of genetically modified foodrepresenting half of the world's biotech crops. The largest private employment sector is health care and social assistance, with It has a smaller welfare state and redistributes less income through government action than European nations tend to.

The United States is the only advanced economy that does not guarantee its workers paid vacation [] and is one of just a few countries in the world without paid family leave as a legal right, with the others being Papua New GuineaSuriname and Liberia. It was fourth in productivity per hour, behind those two countries and the Netherlands. The — global recession significantly affected the United States, with output still below potential according to the Congressional Budget Office.

There remains a record proportion of long-term unemployedcontinued decreasing household incomeand tax and federal budget increases. Americans have the highest average household and employee income among OECD nations, and in had the second-highest median household income. There has been a widening gap between productivity and median incomes since the s. Assets owned by Americans lost about a quarter of their value. There were aboutsheltered and unsheltered homeless persons in the U.

Personal transportation is dominated by automobiles, which operate on a network of 4 million miles 6. The civil airline industry is entirely privately owned and has been largely deregulated sincewhile most major airports are publicly owned. The United States energy market is about 29, terawatt hours per year. The remainder download ddfx forex trading system supplied by nuclear power and renewable energy sources.

For decades, nuclear power has played a limited role relative to many other developed countries, in part because of public perception in the wake of a accident. Inseveral applications for new nuclear plants were filed. Issues that affect water supply in the United States include droughts in the West, water scarcitypollutiona backlog of investment, concerns about the affordability of water for the poorest, and a rapidly retiring workforce.

Increased variability and intensity of rainfall as a result of climate change is expected to produce both more severe droughts and flooding, with potentially serious consequences for water supply and for pollution from combined sewer overflows. American public education is operated by state and local governments, regulated by the United States Department of Education through restrictions on federal grants.

In most states, children are required to attend school from the age of six or seven generally, kindergarten or first grade until they turn 18 generally bringing them through twelfth gradethe end of high school ; some states allow students to leave futures spread trading tradestation at 16 or The United States has many competitive private and public institutions of higher education.

The majority of the world's top universities listed by different ranking organizations are in the U. Of Americans 25 and older, As for public expenditures on higher education, the U. The United States is home to many cultures and a wide variety of ethnic groups, traditions, and values.

Core American culture was established by Protestant British colonists and shaped by the frontier settlement process, with the traits derived passed down to descendants and transmitted to immigrants through assimilation.

Americans have traditionally been characterized by a strong work ethiccompetitiveness, and individualism, [] as well as a unifying belief in an "American creed " emphasizing liberty, equality, private property, democracy, rule of law, and a preference for limited government. According to a British study, Americans gave 1. The American Dreamor the perception that Americans enjoy high social mobilityplays a key role in attracting immigrants.

Mainstream American cuisine is similar to that in other Western countries. Wheat is the primary cereal grain with about three-quarters of grain products made of wheat flour [] and many dishes use indigenous ingredients, such as turkey, venison, potatoes, sweet potatoes, corn, squash, and maple syrup which were consumed by Native Americans and early European settlers. Characteristic dishes such as apple pie, fried chicken, pizza, hamburgers, and hot dogs derive strategy game for binary options 60 second trading the recipes of various immigrants.

French fries, Mexican chicago-joliet livestock marketing center such as burritos and tacos, and pasta dishes chicago-joliet livestock marketing center adapted from Italian sources are widely consumed. American eating habits owe a great deal to that of their British culinary roots with some variations. Although American lands could forex direct ig markets newer vegetables envelope mailing make money stuffing uk Britain could not, most colonists would not eat these new foods until accepted by Europeans.

Hess stated in The American fast food industry, the world's largest, [] pioneered the drive-through format in the s. In the 18th and early 19th centuries, American art and literature took most of its cues from Europe. Writers such as Nathaniel HawthorneEdgar Allan Poeand Henry David Thoreau established a distinctive American literary voice by the middle of the 19th century.

Mark Twain and poet Walt Whitman were major figures in forex live rates on desktop century's second half; Emily Dickinsonvirtually unknown during her lifetime, is now recognized as an essential American poet.

What can you alch to make money Fitzgerald 's The Great Gatsby and Harper Lee 's To Kill a Mockingbird —may be dubbed the " Great American Novel ". William FaulknerErnest Hemingway and John Steinbeck are often named among the most influential writers of the 20th century.

The Beat Generation writers opened up new literary approaches, as have postmodernist authors such as John BarthThomas Pynchonand Don DeLillo. The transcendentalistsled by Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emersonestablished the first major American karachi stock exchange reports movement. After the Civil War, Charles Sanders Peirce and then William James and John Dewey were leaders in the development of pragmatism.

In the 20th century, the work of W. Quine and Richard Rortyand later Live options trading demo account without deposit Chomskybrought analytic philosophy to the fore of American philosophical academia.

John Rawls and Robert Nozick led a revival of political philosophy. Cornel West and Judith Butler have led a continental tradition in American philosophical academia. Chicago school economists like Milton FriedmanJames M. Buchananand Thomas Sowell have affected various fields in social and political philosophy. In the visual arts, the Hudson River School was a midth-century movement in the tradition of European naturalism.

The realist paintings of Thomas Eakins are now widely celebrated. The Armory Show in New York City, an exhibition of European modernist artshocked the public and transformed the U.

Major artistic movements such as the abstract expressionism of Jackson Pollock and Willem de Kooning and the pop art of Andy Warhol and Roy Lichtenstein information on trading optionshouse largely in the United States. The tide of modernism and then postmodernism has brought fame to American architects such as Frank Lloyd WrightPhilip Johnsonand Frank Gehry.

One of the first major promoters of American theater was impresario P. Barnumwho began operating a lower Manhattan entertainment complex in The team of Harrigan and Hart produced a series of popular musical comedies in New York starting in the late s. In the 20th century, the modern musical form emerged on Broadway ; the songs of musical theater composers such as Irving BerlinCole Porterand Stephen Sondheim have become pop standards. Playwright Eugene O'Neill won the Nobel literature prize in ; other acclaimed U.

Though little known at the time, Charles Ives 's work of the s established him as the first major U. Aaron Copland and George Gershwin developed a new synthesis of popular and classical music.

Choreographers Isadora Duncan and Martha Graham helped create modern dancewhile George Balanchine and Jerome Robbins were leaders in 20th-century ballet. The rhythmic and lyrical styles of African-American music have deeply influenced American music at large, distinguishing it from European traditions. Elements from folk idioms such as the blues and what is now known as old-time music were adopted and transformed into popular genres with global audiences.

Jazz was developed by innovators such as Louis Armstrong and Duke Ellington early in the 20th century. Country music developed in the s, and rhythm and blues in the s. Elvis Presley and Chuck Berry were among the mids pioneers of rock and roll. In the s, Bob Dylan emerged from the folk revival to become one of America's most celebrated songwriters and James Brown led the development of funk.

More recent American creations include hip hop and house music. Hollywooda northern district of Los AngelesCalifornia, is one of the leaders in motion picture production. Since the early 20th century, the U. The industry enjoyed its golden years, in what is commonly referred to as the " Golden Age of Hollywood ", from the early sound period until the early s, [] with screen actors such as John Wayne and Marilyn Monroe becoming iconic figures. Notable films topping the American Film Institute 's AFI list include Orson Welles 's Citizen Kanewhich is frequently cited as the greatest film of all time, [] [] CasablancaThe GodfatherGone with the WindLawrence of ArabiaThe Wizard of OzThe GraduateOn the WaterfrontSchindler's ListSingin' in the RainIt's a Wonderful Life and Sunset Boulevard American football is by several measures the most popular spectator sport; [] the National Football League NFL has the highest average attendance of any sports league in the world, and the Super Bowl is watched by millions globally.

Baseball has been regarded as the U. Basketball and ice hockey are the country's next two leading professional team sportswith the top leagues being the National Basketball Trading forex profitably NBA and the National Hockey League NHL.

These four major sports, when played professionally, each occupy a season at different, but overlapping, times of the year. College football and basketball attract large audiences. Eight Olympic Games have taken place in the United States.

As ofthe United States has won 2, medals at the Summer Olympic Gamesmore than any other country, and in the Winter Olympic Gamesthe second most behind Norway. Lacrosse and surfing arose from Native American and Native Hawaiian activities that predate Western contact. The four major broadcasters in the U. The four major broadcast television networks are all binary options trade copier mt4 entities.

Cable television offers hundreds of channels catering to a variety of niches. Inthe number of U. In addition, there are 1, public radio stations. Most of these stations are run by universities and public authorities for educational purposes and are financed by public or private funds, subscriptions and corporate underwriting. Much public-radio broadcasting is supplied by NPR formerly National Public Radio.

NPR was incorporated in February under the Public Broadcasting Act of benefits of binary option prediction market its television counterpart, PBSwas also created by the same legislation. NPR and PBS are operated separately from each other. As of September 30, [update]there are 15, licensed full-power radio stations in the US according to the U.

Federal Communications Commission FCC. Well-known newspapers are The Wall Street JournalThe New York Times and USA Today. Although the cost of publishing has increased over the years, the price of newspapers has generally remained low, forcing newspapers to rely more on advertising revenue and on articles provided by a major wire service, such as the Associated Press or Reuters, for their national and world coverage.

With very few exceptions, all the newspapers in the U. Major cities often have "alternative weeklies" stock market temperature anomaly complement the mainstream daily papers, for example, New York City's The Village Voice or Los Forex prediction neural network software LA Weeklyto name two of the best-known.

Major cities may also support a local business journal, trade papers relating to local industries, and papers for local ethnic and social groups.

Early versions of the American newspaper comic strip and the American comic book began appearing in the 19th century. InSupermanthe comic book superhero of DC Comicsdeveloped into an American icon. More than publications are produced in Spanish, the second most widely spoken mother tongue behind English.

The United States has been a leader in technological innovation since the late 19th century and scientific research since the midth century. Methods for producing interchangeable parts were developed by the U. War Department by the Federal Armories during the first half of the 19th century. This technology, along with the establishment of a machine tool industry, enabled the U.

Factory electrification in the early 20th century and introduction of the assembly line and other labor saving techniques created the system called mass production.

InAlexander Graham Bell was awarded the first U. Thomas Edison 's research laboratoryone of the first of its kind, developed the phonographthe first long-lasting light bulband the first viable movie camera. In the early 20th century, the automobile companies of Ransom E. Olds and Henry Ford popularized the assembly line. The Wright brothersinmade the first sustained rolling stocks trading controlled heavier-than-air powered flight.

The rise of Fascism and Nazism in the s and s led many European scientists, including Albert EinsteinEnrico Fermiand John von Neumannto immigrate to the United States. The invention of the transistor in the s, a key active component in practically all modern electronicsled to many technological developments and a significant expansion of the U.

Advancements by American microprocessor companies such as Advanced Micro Devices AMDand Intel along with both computer software and hardware companies that include Adobe SystemsApple ComputerIBMMicrosoftand Sun Microsystems created and popularized the personal computer.

The ARPANET was developed in the s to meet Defense Department requirements, and became the first of a series of networks which evolved into the Internet.

These advancements then lead to greater personalization of technology for individual use. In the 21st century, approximately two-thirds of research and development funding comes from the private sector. PPP-adjustedcompared amongst various first world nations. Approximately one-third of the adult population is obese and an additional third is overweight; [] the obesity rate, the highest in the industrialized world, has more than doubled in the last quarter-century.

Incoronary artery diseaselung cancerstrokechronic obstructive pulmonary diseasesand traffic accidents caused the most years of life lost in the U. Low back pain, depressionmusculoskeletal disordersneck pain, and anxiety caused the most years lost to disability. The most deleterious risk factors were poor diet, tobacco smoking, obesity, high blood pressurehigh blood sugarphysical inactivityand alcohol use.

Alzheimer's diseasedrug abuse, kidney disease and cancer, and falls caused the most additional years of life lost over their age-adjusted per-capita rates.

America solely developed or contributed significantly to 9 of the top 10 most important medical innovations since as ranked by a poll of physicians, while the European Union and Switzerland together contributed to five.

From tofour times more money was invested in private biotechnology companies in America than in Europe. Health-care coverage in the United States is a combination of public and private efforts and is not universal. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. For the landmass encompassing North and South America, see Americas.

For other uses, see America disambiguationUS disambiguationUSA disambiguationand United States disambiguation. The contiguous United States plus Alaska and Hawaii. The United States including its territories.

Independence from Great Britain. Naming of AmericaNames for United States citizensand American word. History of the United StatesTimeline of United States historyAmerican business historyEconomic history of the United Statesand Labor history of the United States. Pre-Columbian era and Colonial history of the United States. European colonization of the Americas and Thirteen Colonies.

American Revolutionary WarUnited States Declaration of IndependenceAmerican Revolutionand Territorial evolution of the United States. American Civil War and Reconstruction Era. Economic history of the United States and Technological and industrial history of the United States. World War IGreat Depressionand World War II. History of the United States —64History of the United States —80and History of the United States — Cold WarCivil Rights MovementWar on PovertySpace Raceand Reaganomics.

History of the United States — and History of the United States —present. Gulf WarSeptember 11 attacksWar on Terrorfinancial crisisand Affordable Care Act. The World Trade Center in Lower Manhattan during the September 11 attacks in One World Trade Centernewly-built in its place.

Geography of the United StatesClimate of the United Statesand Environment of the United States. Fauna of the United States and Flora of the United States. Biota of the United States. Demography of the United StatesAmericansList of U. Leading population centers see complete list view talk edit. Languages of the United States. Language Spoken at Home in the United States of AmericaList of endangered languages in the United Statesand Language education in the United States.

Religion in the United States. History of religion in the United StatesFreedom of religion in the United StatesSeparation of church and state in the United Statesand List of religious movements that began in the United States. Family structure in the United States. Federal government of the United StatesState governments of the United StatesLocal government in the United Statesand Elections in the United States.

The United States Capitolwhere Congress meets: The White Househome and workplace of the U. Supreme Court Buildingwhere the nation's highest court sits. Political divisions of the United StatesU. Territorial evolution of the United States and United States territorial acquisitions. State flags and statehood dates. Maryland May 23, North Carolina May 29, Iowa May 29, California May 11, Statehood date is the date of ratifying the Constitution for the first 13 or being admitted to the Union for subsequent states.

Politics of the United States and Political ideologies in the United States. Foreign relations of the United States and Foreign policy of the United States. Taxation in the United States and United States federal budget. United States Armed Forces. Law enforcement in the United States and Crime in the United States. Economy of the United States. Economic history of the United States. Income in the United StatesPoverty in the United StatesAffluence in the United StatesUnited States counties by per capita incomeand Income inequality in the United States.

Transportation in the United States. Energy policy of the United States. Drinking water supply and sanitation in the United States. Education in the United States.

Culture of the United States. Cuisine of the United States. American literatureAmerican philosophyArchitecture of the United StatesVisual art of the United Statesand American classical music. Music of the United States. Cinema of the United States. Sports in the United States. Most popular American sports are American FootballBaseballBasketball and Ice Hockey []. Media of the United States. Science and technology in the United States and Science policy of the United States.

Health care in the United StatesHealth care reform in the United Statesand Health insurance in the United States. AlgonquianCherokeeand Sioux are among many other official languages in Native-controlled lands throughout the country.

French is a de factobut unofficial, language in Maine and Louisianawhile New Mexico law grants Spanish a special status. Spanish in Puerto Rico, Samoan in American Samoa, Chamorro in both Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands. Carolinian is also an official language in the Northern Mariana Islands. The figure given is from the U. Census and United Nations. There are eleven smaller island areas without permanent populations: Baker IslandHowland IslandJarvis IslandJohnston AtollKingman ReefMidway Atolland Palmyra Atoll.

Both sources exclude Taiwan from the area of China. The figure for the United States is less than in the CIA Factbook because it excludes coastal and territorial waters. Retrieved February 9, The composition by John Philip Sousa entitled 'The Stars and Stripes Forever' is the national march.

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